Data assimilation of CALIPSO aerosol observations

Abstract. We have developed an advanced data assimilation system for a global aerosol model with a four-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter in which the Level 1B data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) were successfully assimilated for the first time, to the best of the authors' knowledge. A one-month data assimilation cycle experiment for dust, sulfate, and sea-salt aerosols was performed in May 2007. The results were validated via two independent observations: 1) the ground-based lidar network in East Asia, managed by the National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan, and 2) weather reports of aeolian dust events in Japan. Detailed four-dimensional structures of aerosol outflows from source regions over oceans and continents for various particle types and sizes were well reproduced. The intensity of dust emission at each grid point was also globally corrected. These results are valuable for the comprehensive analysis of aerosol behavior as well as aerosol forecasting.

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Data assimilation of CALIPSO aerosol observations

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-10-39-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 39-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 123

Author(s):

T. T. Sekiyama ◽

T. Y. Tanaka ◽

A. Shimizu ◽

T. Miyoshi

Keyword(s):

Data Assimilation ◽

Grid Point ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Aerosol Model ◽

Source Regions ◽

Independent Observations ◽

Ground Based Lidar ◽

Dust Events ◽

Data Assimilation System ◽

Assimilation System

Abstract. We have developed an advanced data assimilation system for a global aerosol model with a four-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter in which the Level 1B data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) were successfully assimilated for the first time, to the best of the authors' knowledge. A one-month data assimilation cycle experiment for dust, sulfate, and sea-salt aerosols was performed in May 2007. The results were validated via two independent observations: 1) the ground-based lidar network in East Asia, managed by the National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan, and 2) weather reports of aeolian dust events in Japan. Detailed four-dimensional structures of aerosol outflows from source regions over oceans and continents for various particle types and sizes were well reproduced. The intensity of dust emission at each grid point was also corrected by this data assimilation system. These results are valuable for the comprehensive analysis of aerosol behavior as well as aerosol forecasting.

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Performance of KMA-ADAM3 in Identifying Asian Dust Days over Northern China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11060593 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 593

Author(s):

Sang-Boom Ryoo ◽

Jinwon Kim ◽

Jeong Hoon Cho

Keyword(s):

Dust Emission ◽

Northern China ◽

Asian Dust ◽

Probability Of Detection ◽

Soil Types ◽

Dust Source ◽

Aerosol Model ◽

Dust Generation ◽

Source Regions ◽

Dust Events

Recently, the Korea Meteorological Administration developed Asian Dust Aerosol Model version 3 (ADAM3) by incorporating additional parameters into ADAM2, including anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions, modification of dust generation by considering real-time surface vegetation, and assimilations of surface PM observations and satellite-measured aerosol optical depth. This study evaluates the performance of ADAM3 in identifying Asian dust days over the dust source regions in Northern China and their variations according to regions and soil types by comparing its performance with ADAM2 (from January to June of 2017). In all regions the performance of ADAM3 was markedly improved, especially for Northwestern China, where the threat score (TS) and the probability of detection (POD) improved from 5.4% and 5.5% to 30.4% and 34.4%, respectively. ADAM3 outperforms ADAM2 for all soil types, especially for the sand-type soil for which TS and POD are improved from 39.2.0% and 50.7% to 48.9% and 68.2%, respectively. Despite these improvements in regions and surface soil types, Asian dust emission formulas in ADAM3 need improvement for the loess-type soils to modulate the overestimation of Asian dust events related to anthropogenic emissions in the Huabei Plain and Manchuria.

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Seasonal Asian Dust Forecasting Using GloSea5-ADAM

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11050526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 526

Author(s):

Sang-Boom Ryoo ◽

Yun-Kyu Lim ◽

Young-San Park

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Northeast Asia ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Asian Dust ◽

Forecasting Model ◽

Aerosol Model ◽

Soil Fraction ◽

Temporary Solution ◽

Dust Events

The springtime dust events in Northeast Asia pose many economic, social, and health-related risks. Statistical models in the forecasting of seasonal dust events do not fully account for environmental variations in dust sources due to climate change. The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) recently developed the GloSea5-ADAM, a numerically based seasonal dust forecasting model, by incorporating the Asian Dust and Aerosol Model (ADAM)’s emission algorithm into Global Seasonal Forecasting Model version 5 (GloSea5). The performance of GloSea5 and GloSea5-ADAM in forecasting seasonal Asian dust events in source (China) and leeward (South Korea) regions was compared. The GloSea5-ADAM solved the limitations of GloSea5, which were mainly attributable to GloSea5′s low bare-soil fraction, and successfully simulated 2017 springtime dust emissions over Northeast Asia. The results show that GloSea5-ADAM’s 2017 and 2018 forecasts were consistent with surface PM10 mass concentrations observed in China and South Korea, while there was a large gap in 2019. This study shows that the geographical distribution and physical properties of soil in dust source regions are important. The GloSea5-ADAM model is only a temporary solution and is limited in its applicability to Northeast Asia; therefore, a globally applicable dust emission algorithm that considers a wide variety of soil properties must be developed.

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Evaluation of Nine Operational Models in Forecasting Different Types of Synoptic Dust Events in the Middle East

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences11110458 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 458

Author(s):

Sara Karami ◽

Dimitris Kaskaoutis ◽

Saviz Kashani ◽

Mehdi Rahnama ◽

Alireza Rashki

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Data Assimilation ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Initial Time ◽

East Region ◽

Operational Models ◽

Dust Events ◽

Terra Modis ◽

Middle East Region

This study investigates four types of synoptic dust events in the Middle East region, including cyclonic, pre-frontal, post-frontal and Shamal dust storms. For each of these types, three intense and pervasive dust events are analyzed from a synoptic meteorological and numerical simulation perspective. The performance of 9 operational dust models in forecasting these dust events in the Middle East is qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated against Terra-MODIS observations and AERONET measurements during the dust events. The comparison of model AOD outputs with Terra-MODIS retrievals reveals that despite the significant discrepancies, all models have a relatively acceptable performance in forecasting the AOD patterns in the Middle East. The models enable to represent the high AODs along the dust plumes, although they underestimate them, especially for cyclonic dust storms. In general, the outputs of the NASA-GEOS and DREAM8-MACC models present greater similarity with the satellite and AERONET observations in most of the cases, also exhibiting the highest correlation coefficient, although it is difficult to introduce a single model as the best for all cases. Model AOD predictions over the AERONET stations showed that DREAM8-MACC exhibited the highest R2 of 0.78, followed by NASA_GEOS model (R2 = 0.74), which both initially use MODIS data assimilation. Although the outputs of all models correspond to valid time more than 24 h after the initial time, the effect of data assimilation on increasing the accuracy is important. The different dust emission schemes, soil and vegetation mapping, initial and boundary meteorological conditions and spatial resolution between the models, are the main factors influencing the differences in forecasting the dust AODs in the Middle East.

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New developments in the representation of Saharan dust sources in the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-9-765-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 765-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bernd Heinold ◽

Ina Tegen ◽

Kerstin Schepanski ◽

Jamie R. Banks

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Source Area ◽

Saharan Dust ◽

Moist Convection ◽

Dust Source ◽

New Developments ◽

Infrared Imager ◽

Dust Sources ◽

Dust Events

Abstract. In the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2, dust source activation (DSA) observations from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite are proposed to replace the original source area parameterization over the Sahara Desert. The new setup is tested in nudged simulations for the period 2007 to 2008. The evaluation is based on comparisons to dust emission events inferred from MSG dust index imagery, Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometer observations, and satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (AOT).The model results agree well with AERONET measurements especially in terms of seasonal variability, and a good spatial correlation was found between model results and MSG-SEVIRI (Spinning-Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) dust AOT as well as Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) AOT. ECHAM6-HAM2 computes a more realistic geographical distribution and up to 20 % higher annual Saharan dust emissions, using the MSG-based source map. The representation of dust AOT is partly improved in the southern Sahara and Sahel. In addition, the spatial variability is increased towards a better agreement with observations depending on the season. Thus, using the MSG DSA map can help to circumvent the issue of uncertain soil input parameters.An important issue remains the need to improve the model representation of moist convection and stable nighttime conditions. Compared to sub-daily DSA information from MSG-SEVIRI and results from a regional model, ECHAM6-HAM2 notably underestimates the important fraction of morning dust events by the breakdown of the nocturnal low-level jet, while a major contribution is from afternoon-to-evening emissions.

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Inverting the East Asian Dust Emission Fluxes Using the Ensemble Kalman Smoother and Himawari-8 AODs: A Case Study with WRF-Chem v3.5.1

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10090543 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 543

Author(s):

Dai ◽

Cheng ◽

Goto ◽

Schutgens ◽

Kikuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dust Emission ◽

Asian Dust ◽

Geostationary Satellite ◽

Satellite Observations ◽

Dust Emissions ◽

Total Dust ◽

Kalman Smoother ◽

Independent Observations ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽

Horizontal And Vertical Distributions

We present the inversions (back-calculations or optimizations) of dust emissions for a severe winter dust event over East Asia in November 2016. The inversion system based on a fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother is newly implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model and is coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). The assimilated observations are the hourly aerosol optical depths (AODs) from the next-generation geostationary satellite Himawari-8. The posterior total dust emissions (2.59 Tg) for this event are 3.8 times higher than the priori total dust emissions (0.68 Tg) during 25–27 November 2016. The net result is that the simulated aerosol horizontal and vertical distributions are both in better agreement with the assimilated Himawari-8 observations and independent observations from the ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), the satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). The developed emission inversion approach, combined with the geostationary satellite observations, can be very helpful for properly estimating the Asian dust emissions.

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Background Error in WRF Model

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ◽

10.37394/232015.2020.16.63 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Keyword(s):

Data Assimilation ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Covariance Matrix ◽

Numerical Weather Prediction ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Wrf Model ◽

Background Error ◽

Numerical Weather ◽

Error Covariance ◽

First Time

WRF model have been tuned and tested over Georgia’s territory for years. First time in Georgia theprocess of data assimilation in Numerical weather prediction is developing. This work presents how forecasterror statistics appear in the data assimilation problem through the background error covariance matrix – B, wherethe variances and correlations associated with model forecasts are estimated. Results of modeling of backgrounderror covariance matrix for control variables using WRF model over Georgia with desired domain configurationare discussed and presented. The modeling was implemented in two different 3DVAR systems (WRFDA andGSI) and results were checked by pseudo observation benchmark cases using also default global and regional BEmatrixes. The mathematical and physical properties of the covariances are also reviewed.

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Dust emission source characterization for visibility hazard assessment on Lordsburg Playa in Southwestern New Mexico, USA

Geoenvironmental Disasters ◽

10.1186/s40677-020-00171-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

R. Scott Van Pelt ◽

John Tatarko ◽

Thomas E. Gill ◽

Chunping Chang ◽

Junran Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Source Area ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Source Characterization ◽

Dust Clouds ◽

Regional Sources ◽

Dust Events ◽

Flooded Areas

AbstractIn drylands around the world, ephemeral lakes (playas) are common. Dry, wind-erodible playa sediments are potent local and regional sources of dust and PM10 (airborne particles with diameters less than 10 μm). Dust clouds often cause sudden and/or prolonged loss of visibility to travelers on downwind roadways. Lordsburg Playa, in southwestern New Mexico, USA is bisected by Interstate Highway 10. Dust storms emanating from the playa have been responsible for numerous visibility-related road closures (including 39 road closures between 2012 and 2019) causing major economic losses, in addition to well over a hundred dust-related vehicle crashes causing at least 41 lost lives in the last 53 years. In order to improve understanding of the surfaces responsible for the dust emissions, we investigated the critical wind friction velocity thresholds and the dust emissivities of surfaces representing areas typical of Lordsburg Playa’s stream deltas, shorelines, and ephemerally flooded lakebed using a Portable In-Situ Wind ERosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL). Mean threshold friction velocities for PM10 entrainment ranged from less than 0.30 m s− 1 for areas in the delta and shoreline to greater than 0.55 m s− 1 for ephemerally flooded areas of the lakebed. Similarly, we quantified mean PM10 vertical flux rates ranging from less than 500 μg m− 2 s− 1 for ephemerally flooded areas of lakebed to nearly 25,000 μg m− 2 s− 1 for disturbed delta surfaces. The unlimited PM10 supply of the relatively coarse sediments along the western shoreline is problematic and indicates that this may be the source area for longer-term visibility reducing dust events and should be a focus area for dust mitigation efforts.

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Data assimilation of dust aerosol observations for CUACE/Dust forecasting system

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-7-8309-2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 8309-8332 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

T. Niu ◽

S. L. Gong ◽

G. F. Zhu ◽

H. L. Liu ◽

X. Q. Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Assimilation ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

System A ◽

Source Regions ◽

Operational Forecasts ◽

Forecasting System ◽

Dust Loading ◽

Data Assimilation System ◽

Assimilation System

Abstract. A data assimilation system (DAS) was developed for the Chinese Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment – Dust (CUACE/Dust) forecast system and applied in the operational forecasts of sand and dust storm (SDS) in spring 2006. The system is based on a three dimensional variational method (3D-Var) and uses extensively the measurements of surface visibility and dust loading retrieval from the Chinese geostationary satellite FY-2C. The results show that a major improvement to the capability of CUACE/Dust in forecasting the short-term variability in the spatial distribution and intensity of dust concentrations has been achieved, especially in those areas far from the source regions. The seasonal mean Threat Score (TS) over the East Asia in spring 2006 increased from 0.22 to 0.31 by using the data assimilation system, a 41% enhancement. The assimilation results usually agree with the dust loading retrieved from FY-2C and visibility distribution from surface meteorological stations, which indicates that the 3D-Var method is very powerful for the unification of observation and numerical modeling results.

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Mineral assemblage within secondary crystallized melt inclusions in olivine of mantle xenoliths from the Bultfontein kimberlite pipe (Kaapvaal craton, South Africa)

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4486 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexey Tarasov ◽

Igor Sharygin ◽

Alexander Golovin ◽

Anna Dymshits ◽

Dmitriy Rezvukhin

Keyword(s):

Melt Inclusions ◽

Basic Research ◽

Kimberlite Pipe ◽

Mantle Xenoliths ◽

Mantle Minerals ◽

Source Regions ◽

Basic Research Grant ◽

Carbonate Composition ◽

First Time ◽

Ca Carbonate

For the first time, snapshots of crystallized melts in olivine of sheared garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Bultfontein kimberlite pipe have been studied. This type of xenoliths represents the deepest mantle rocks derived from the base of lithosphere (at depths from 110 to 230 km for various ancient cratons). According to different models, such type of inclusions (secondary) in mantle minerals can be interpreted as relics of the most primitive (i.e., close-to-primary) kimberlite melt that infiltrated into sheared garnet peridotites. In general, these secondary inclusions are directly related to kimberlite magmatism that finally formed the Bultfontein diamond deposits. The primary/primitive composition of kimberlite melt is poorly constrained because kimberlites are ubiquitously contaminated by xenogenic material and altered by syn/post-emplacement hydrothermal processes. Thus, the study of these inclusions helps to significantly advance in solving numerous problems related to the kimberlite petrogenesis.The unexposed melt inclusions were studied by using a confocal Raman spectroscopy. In total, fifteen daughter minerals within the inclusions were identified by this method. Several more phases give distinct Raman spectra, but their determination is difficult due to the lack of similar spectra in the databases. Various carbonates and carbonates with additional anions, alkali sulphates, phosphates and silicates were determined among daughter minerals in the melt inclusions: calcite CaCO3, magnesite MgCO3, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, eitelite Na2Mg(CO3)2, nyerereite (Na,K)2Ca(CO3)2, gregoryite (Na,K,Ca)2CO3, K-Na-Ca-carbonate (K,Na)2Ca(CO3)2, northupite Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl, bradleyite Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), burkeite Na6(CO3)(SO4)2, glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2, thenardite Na2SO4, aphthitalite K3Na(SO4)2, apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl,F) and tetraferriphlogopite KMg3FeSi3O10(F,Cl,OH). Note that carbonates are predominant among the daughter minerals in the melt inclusions. Moreover, there are quite a lot of alkali-rich daughter minerals within the inclusions as well. During the last decade, some research groups using different approaches proposed a model of carbonate/alkali&#8209;carbonate composition of kimberlite melts in their source regions. This model contradicts to the generally accepted ultramafic silicate nature of parental kimberlite liquids. This study is a direct support of a new model of carbonatitic composition of kimberlite melts and also shows that alkali contents in kimberlite petrogenesis are usually underestimated.This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 20-35-70058).

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