scholarly journals Laboratory measurements of nitric oxide release from forest soil with a thick organic layer under different understory types

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bargsten ◽  
E. Falge ◽  
B. Huwe ◽  
F. X. Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
No Emission ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
No Fluxes ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the photochemistry of the troposphere. NO from soil contributes up to 40% to the global budget of atmospheric NO. Soil NO emissions are primarily caused by biological activity (nitrification and denitrification), that occurs in the uppermost centimetres of the soil, a soil region often characterized by high contents of organic material. Most studies of NO emission potentials to date have investigated mineral soil layers. In our study we sampled soil organic matter under different understories (moss, grass, spruce and blueberries) in a humid mountainous Norway spruce forest plantation in the Fichtelgebirge (Germany). We performed laboratory incubation and fumigation experiments using a customized chamber technique to determine the response of net potential NO flux to physical and chemical soil conditions (water content and temperature, bulk density, particle density, pH, C/N ratio, organic C, soil ammonium, soil nitrate). Net potential NO fluxes (in terms of mass of N) from soils of different understories ranged from 1.7–9.8 ng m−2 s−1 (grass and moss), 55.4–59.3 ng m−2 s−1 (spruce), and 43.7–114.6 ng m−2 s−1 (blueberry) at optimum water content and a soil temperature of 10°C. The water content for optimum net potential NO flux ranged between 0.76 and 0.8 gravimetric soil moisture for moss, between 1.0 and 1.1 for grass, 1.1 and 1.2 for spruce, and 1.3 and 1.9 for blueberries. Effects of soil physical and chemical characteristics on net potential NO flux were statistically significant (0.01 probability level) only for NH4+. Therefore, the effects of biogenic factors like understory type, amount of roots, and degree of mycorrhization on soil biogenic NO emission are discussed; they have the potential to explain the observed different of net potential NO fluxes. Quantification of NO emissions from the upmost soil layer is therefore an important step to quantify soil NO emissions in ecosystems with substantial organic soil horizons.

scholarly journals Laboratory measurements of nitric oxide release from forest soil with a thick organic layer under different understory types

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1425-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bargsten ◽  
E. Falge ◽  
K. Pritsch ◽  
B. Huwe ◽  
F. X. Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
No Emission ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
No Fluxes

Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the photochemistry of the troposphere. NO from soil contributes up to 40% to the global budget of atmospheric NO. Soil NO emissions are primarily caused by biological activity (nitrification and denitrification), that occurs in the uppermost centimeter of the soil, a soil region often characterized by high contents of organic material. Most studies of NO emission potentials to date have investigated mineral soil layers. In our study we sampled soil organic matter under different understories (moss, grass, spruce and blueberries) in a humid mountainous Norway spruce forest plantation in the Fichtelgebirge (Germany). We performed laboratory incubation and flushing experiments using a customized chamber technique to determine the response of net potential NO flux to physical and chemical soil conditions (water content and temperature, bulk density, particle density, pH, C/N ratio, organic C, soil ammonium, soil nitrate). Net potential NO fluxes (in terms of mass of N) from soil samples taken under different understories ranged from 1.7–9.8 ng m−2 s−1 (soil sampled under grass and moss cover), 55.4–59.3 ng m−2 s−1 (soil sampled under spruce cover), and 43.7–114.6 ng m−2 s−1 (soil sampled under blueberry cover) at optimum water content and a soil temperature of 10 °C. The water content for optimum net potential NO flux ranged between 0.76 and 0.8 gravimetric soil moisture for moss covered soils, between 1.0 and 1.1 for grass covered soils, 1.1 and 1.2 for spruce covered soils, and 1.3 and 1.9 for blueberry covered soils. Effects of soil physical and chemical characteristics on net potential NO flux were statistically significant (0.01 probability level) only for NH4+. Therefore, as an alternative explanation for the differences in soil biogenic NO emission we consider more biological factors like understory vegetation type, amount of roots, and degree of mycorrhization; they have the potential to explain the observed differences of net potential NO fluxes.

The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fajri ◽  
Pratiwi PRATIWI ◽  
Yosep Ruslim
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Fajri M, Pratiwi, Ruslim Y. 2020. The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3454-3462.  Shorea macrophylla is a tree species in Tane' Olen forest area. This study analyzed the soil’s physical and chemical properties, topography, and microclimate of S. macrophylla’s habitat. A purposive method was used to select a sampling plot and to place the subplots. Soil was analyzed to determine the physical properties, i.e., texture, bulk density, porosity, and water content, and the chemical properties, i.e., pH, CEC, total N, organic C, C/N ratio, P, K , and Al saturation. Importance value index was determined for each tree species to know the species composition in the study site. Only the dominant species were presented. The soil at the study site had bulk density of 0.60-1.31 gram cm³-1, porosity 50.60%-77.35%, water content 34.88%-95.37%, and soil texture sandy clay. The chemical properties of the soil were as follows: pH was 3.6-4.8, N 0.05%-0.19%, organic C 1.40%-3.65%, P 0.41-1.22 mg 100 gr-1, K 58.68-232.55 mg 100 gr-1, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 5.35-10.81 meg 100gr -1. Slope ranged between 0 and 25%. The microclimate characteristics were as follows: temperature was 24-26.5°C, relative humidity 76-87%, and light intensity 145-750 Lm. Trees species with an IVI ≥ 10% were S. macrophylla, Madhuca spectabilis, Myristica villosa Warb, Scorodocarpus borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp., Macaranga triloba, Syzygium inophyllum and Shorea sp. Positive associations were observed between S. macropylla and S. borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp.. and M. triloba, and negative associations were observed between S. macropylla and M. spectabilis, M. villosa Warb, S. inophyllum, and Shorea sp. S. macrophylla grows on riversides with flat and gentle topography, acidic soil, and lower fertility but with suitable microclimate. This species can be recommended to be planted in degraded tropical forest areas but the microclimate and soil properties should be taken into account.

scholarly journals Soil disturbance by cut-to-length machinery on mid-grained soils

Silva Fennica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Sirén ◽  
Jari Ala-Ilomäki ◽  
Harri Lindeman ◽  
Jori Uusitalo ◽  
Kalle Kiilo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Volumetric Water Content ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Measurement Point ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cumulative Mass ◽  
Best Fit

Factors affecting soil disturbance caused by harvester and forwarder were studied on mid-grained soils in Finland. Sample plots were harvested using a one-grip harvester. The harvester operator processed the trees outside the strip roads, and the remaining residues were removed to exclude the covering effect of residues. Thereafter, a loaded forwarder made up to 5 passes over the sample plots. The average rut depth after four machine passes was positively correlated to the volumetric water content at a depth of 0–10 cm in mineral soil, as well as the thickness of the organic layer and the harvester rut depth, and negatively correlated with penetration resistance at depths of both 0–20 cm and 5–40 cm. We present 5 models to predict forwarder rut depth. Four include the cumulative mass driven over a measurement point and combinations of penetration resistance, water content and the depth of organic layer. The fifth model includes harvester rut depth and the cumulative overpassed mass and provided the best fit. Changes in the penetration resistance (PR) were highest at depths of 20–40 cm. Increase in BD and VWC decreased PR, which increased with total overdriven mass. After four to five machine passes PR values started to stabilize.

scholarly journals Modeling carbon dynamics in two adjacent spruce forests with different soil conditions in Russia

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-296
Author(s):  
J. Kurbatova ◽  
C. Li ◽  
A. Varlagin ◽  
X. Xiao ◽  
N. Vygodskaya
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) were measured with eddy covariance method for two adjacent forests located at the southern boundary of European taiga in Russia in 1999–2004. The two spruce forests shared similar vegetation composition but differed in soil conditions. The wet spruce forest (WSF) possessed a thick peat layer (60 cm) with a high water table seasonally close to or above the soil surface. The dry spruce forest (DSF) had a relatively thin organic layer (5 cm) with a deep water table (>60 cm). The measured NEE fluxes (2000 and −1440 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for WSF and DSF, respectively) indicated that WSF was a source while DSF a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the experimental years. A process-based model, Forest-DNDC, was employed in the study to interpret the observations. The modeled NEE fluxes were 1800 and −2200 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for WSF and DSF, respectively, which were comparable with the observations. The modeled data indicated that WSF and DSF had similar rates of photosynthesis and plant autotrophic respiration but differed in soil heterotrophic respiration. The simulations resulted in a hypothesis that the water table fluctuation at WSF could play a key role in determining the negative C balance in the ecosystem. A sensitivity test was conducted by running Forest-DNDC with varied water table scenarios for WSF. The results proved that the NEE fluxes from WSF were highly sensitive to the water table depth. When the water table dropped, the length of flooding season became shorter and more organic matter in the soil profile suffered from rapid decomposition that converted the ecosystem into a source atmospheric C. The conclusion from this modeling study could be applicable for a wide range of wetland and forest ecosystems that have accumulated soil organic C while face hydrological changes under certain climatic or land-use change scenarios.

scholarly journals Measurements of nitric oxide and ammonia soil fluxes from a wet savanna ecosystem site in West Africa during the DACCIWA field campaign

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 2299-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Pacifico ◽  
Claire Delon ◽  
Corinne Jambert ◽  
Pierre Durand ◽  
Eleanor Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
No Fluxes ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract. Biogenic fluxes from soil at a local and regional scale are crucial to study air pollution and climate. Here we present field measurements of soil fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) observed over four different land cover types, i.e. bare soil, grassland, maize field, and forest, at an inland rural site in Benin, West Africa, during the DACCIWA field campaign in June and July 2016. At the regional scale, urbanization and a massive growth in population in West Africa have been causing a strong increase in anthropogenic emissions. Anthropogenic pollutants are transported inland and northward from the megacities located on the coast, where the reaction with biogenic emissions may lead to enhanced ozone production outside urban areas, as well as secondary organic aerosol formation, with detrimental effects on humans, animals, natural vegetation, and crops. We observe NO fluxes up to 48.05 ngN m−2 s−1. NO fluxes averaged over all land cover types are 4.79±5.59 ngN m−2 s−1, and maximum soil emissions of NO are recorded over bare soil. NH3 is dominated by deposition for all land cover types. NH3 fluxes range between −6.59 and 4.96 ngN m−2 s−1. NH3 fluxes averaged over all land cover types are -0.91±1.27 ngN m−2 s−1, and maximum NH3 deposition is measured over bare soil. The observations show high spatial variability even for the same soil type, same day, and same meteorological conditions. We compare point daytime average measurements of NO emissions recorded during the field campaign with those simulated by GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Model) for the same site and find good agreement. In an attempt to quantify NO emissions at the regional and national scale, we also provide a tentative estimate of total NO emissions for the entire country of Benin for the month of July using two distinct methods: upscaling point measurements and using the GEOS-Chem model. The two methods give similar results: 1.17±0.6 and 1.44 GgN month−1, respectively. Total NH3 deposition estimated by upscaling point measurements for the month of July is 0.21 GgN month−1.

Distribution of water-soluble organic carbon in an aspen forest soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1266-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.Z. Huang ◽  
J.J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Prince Albert National Park ◽  
Aspen Forest

The purpose of this study was to characterize the quantity, distribution, and variance of water-soluble organic C (WSOC) in a soil under trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) in the southern boreal forest of Canada. WSOC was determined monthly from May to October 1994 in the forest floor horizons (L, F, H) and mineral soil (Ae) of an aspen stand in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan. The concentration of WSOC varied considerably with profile depth, but varied little among the slope positions and aspects. The L horizon had the highest WSOC concentration (425–8690 mg•kg−1 ovendried soil), followed by the F, H, and Ae horizons. The concentration of WSOC in the Ae horizon was significantly related to the concentration in forest floor horizons above. Water-soluble organic C in the Ae horizon likely was derived from the overlying organic layer by leaching. In a laboratory incubation, the rate of WSOC release (the net result of release and uptake) during incubation decreased continuously over time, but in the field, the rate of WSOC release decreased slightly early in the growing season, but increased later in the season as new litter fall reached the forest floor. This indicates that litter fall is a major factor in the replenishment of WSOC in aspen forest stands.

Forms of organic C and P extracted from tropical soils as assessed by liquid-state 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Möller ◽  
K. Kaiser ◽  
W. Amelung ◽  
C. Niamskul ◽  
S. Udomsri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
31P Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Teichoic Acids ◽  
Chemical Structures

Transformation of soil organic phosphorus (SOP) is linked with the transformation of soil organic carbon (SOC). Yet, it is uncertain to which SOC structures the cycling of SOP is related, especially in tropical environments. To clarify this issue, we determined the vertical distribution of extractable C and P chemical structures in 4 soil profiles using solution 13C- and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy after extraction with 0.1 M NaOH/0.4 M NaF (1 : 1). Soils were from a cabbage cultivation with annual burning of weeds, a Pinus reforestation, a secondary forest, and a primary forest in northern Thailand. For all profiles, signals due to O-alkyl and carbonyl C dominated the 13C-NMR spectra (up to 50 and 22% of total spectral area, respectively). The proportions of alkyl and aryl C decreased, whereas carbonyl and O-alkyl C increased with soil depth. Sharp resonances at 135 and 177 ppm appeared in spectra of subsoil horizons. They indicated mellitic acid, an end-product of the oxidation of charred plant residues. The SOP forms comprised mainly orthophosphate diesters in the organic layer of the forests, whereas in the mineral horizons orthophosphate monoesters dominated the chemical composition of extractable SOP. The relationships between SOC and SOP forms in the organic floor layers of the forests were clearly different from those in the mineral soil horizons, indicating changed SOM dynamics upon contact with soil minerals. In the forest mineral soils, significant correlations between monoester-P and O-alkyl C (R = 0.84, P < 0.001) were found. Diester-P, teichoic acids, and phosphonates were positively correlated with aromatic C and negatively with O-alkyl C. At the same time, teichoic acids and phosphonates were positively correlated with short range-ordered Al and Fe oxide phases. These findings can be explained through an increasing microbial decay of aryl C and diester-P compounds that may be less effectively stabilised at lower depths.

scholarly journals Use of laboratory and remote sensing techniques to estimate vegetation patch scale emissions of nitric oxide from an arid Kalahari savanna

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 4621-4680 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Feig ◽  
B. Mamtimin ◽  
F. X. Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Biogenic Emission ◽  
Vegetation Patch ◽  
Perennial Grassland ◽  
No Fluxes ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract. The biogenic emission of nitric oxide (NO) from the soil has an important impact on a number of environmental issues, such as the production of tropospheric ozone, the cycle of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and the production of NO. In this study we collected soils from four differing vegetation patch types (Pan, Annual Grassland, Perennial Grassland and Bush Encroached) in an arid savanna ecosystem in the Kalahari (Botswana). A laboratory incubation technique was used to determine the net potential NO flux from the soils as a function of the soil moisture and the soil temperature. The net potential NO emissions were up-scaled for the year 2006 and a region (185 km×185 km) of the southern Kalahari. For that we used (a) the net potential NO emissions measured in the laboratory, (b) the vegetation patch distribution obtained from Landsat NDVI measurements, (c) estimated soil moisture contents obtained from ENVISAT ASAR measurements and (d) the soil surface temperature estimated using MODIS MOD11A2 8 day land surface temperature measurements. Differences in the net potential NO fluxes between vegetation patches occur and range from 0.27 ng m−2 s−1 in the Pan patches to 2.95 ng m−2 s−1 in the Perennial Grassland patches. Up-scaling the net potential NO fluxes with the satellite derived soil moisture and temperature data gave NO fluxes of up to 323 g ha−1 month−1, where the highest up-scaled NO fluxes occurred in the Perennial Grassland patches, and the lowest in the Pan patches. A marked seasonal pattern was observed where the highest fluxes occurred in the austral summer months (January and February) while the minimum fluxes occurred in the austral winter months (June and July), and were less than 1.8 g ha−1 month−1. Over the course of the year the mean NO emission for the up-scaled region was 0.54 kg ha−1 yr−1, which accounts for a loss of up to 7.4% of the nitrogen (N) input to the region through atmospheric deposition and biological N fixation. The biogenic emission of NO from the soil is therefore an important mechanism of N loss from this arid savanna ecosystem and has the potential to play an important role in the production of tropospheric ozone and the OH cycle.

scholarly journals Soil Restoration through the Application of Organic Mulch Following Skidding Operations Causing Vehicle Induced Compaction in the Hyrcanian Forests, Northern Iran

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1060
Author(s):  
Azadeh Khoramizadeh ◽  
Meghdad Jourgholami ◽  
Mohammad Jafari ◽  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
Farzam Tavankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In this study an attempt was made to assess how different mulches affect the soil environment. In particular, different organic mulches such as leaf litter, straw and sawdust were tested in order to assess their capacities to amend the soil conditions. These analyses were carried out in the Hyrcanian mixed broadleaved forest. Organic mulches can compensate the litter layer loss on compaction-induced soil and accelerate the restoration process of soil properties, which takes from a few years to several decades without mulching. However, comprehensive knowledge on the effects of organic mulch on soil quality in terms of compaction-induced soil in the scientific literature is still scarce and inadequate. The main aim of the study was to examine the effects of three organic mulches (leaf litter, straw and sawdust) on the restoration of forestry vehicle-induced soil properties in the skid trail over a 2-year period. The results showed as the values of soil physical and chemical properties in litter, straw and sawdust treatments were significantly restored as compared with the values in the untreated soil. In general, leaf litter supplies nutrients at higher rates than the straw and sawdust mulches. However, according to the current results, a 2-year period is not enough to return the soil physical and chemical properties to pre-traffic levels. Furthermore, the present study shows that organic mulch spread on the surface of mineral soil in the skid trails after machine traffic acts as a fertilizer to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter.

scholarly journals Measurements of nitric oxide and ammonia soil fluxes from a wet savanna ecosystem site in West Africa during the DACCIWA field campaign

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Pacifico ◽  
Claire Delon ◽  
Corinne Jambert ◽  
Pierre Durand ◽  
Eleanor Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
No Fluxes ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract. It is important to correctly simulate biogenic fluxes from soil in atmospheric chemistry models at a local and regional scale to study air pollution and climate in an area of the world, West Africa, that has been subject to a strong increase in anthropogenic emissions due to a massive growth in population and urbanization. Anthropogenic pollutants are transported inland and northward from the mega cities located on the coast, where the reaction with biogenic emissions may lead to enhanced ozone production outside urban areas, as well as secondary organic aerosols formation, with detrimental effects on humans, animals, natural vegetation and crops. Here we present field measurements of soil fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) observed over four different land cover types, i.e. bare soil, grassland, maize field and forest, at an inland rural site in Benin, West Africa, during the DACCIWA field campaign in June and July 2016. We observe NO fluxes up to 48.05 ngN m−2 s−1. NO fluxes averaged over all land cover types are 4.79 ± 5.59 ngN m−2 s−1, maximum soil emissions of NO are recorded over bare soil. NH3 is dominated by deposition for all land cover types. NH3 fluxes range between −6.59 and 4.96 ngN m−2 s−1. NH3 fluxes averaged over all land cover types are −0.91 ± 1.27 ngN m−2 s−1 and maximum NH3 deposition is measured over bare soil. The observations show high spatial variability even for the same soil type, same day and same meteorological conditions. We compare point daily average measurements of NO emissions recorded during the field campaign with those simulated by GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Model) for the same site and find good agreement. In an attempt to quantify NO emissions at the regional and national scale, we also provide a tentative estimate of total NO emissions for the entire country of Benin for the month of July using two distinct methods: upscaling point measurements and using the GEOS-Chem model. The two methods give similar results: 1.17 ± 0.6 GgN/month and 1.44 GgN/month, respectively. Total NH3 deposition estimated by upscaling point measurements for the month of July is 0.21 GgN/month.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document