The effect of a vegetated Sahara on the West African monsoon rainbelt in mid-Holocene storm-resolving simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonore Jungandreas ◽  
Cathy Hohenegger ◽  
Martin Claussen

<p>Im mittleren Holozän dehnten sich die westafrikanischen Monsunniederschläge deutlich weiter nach Norden aus als es heute der Fall ist. Modellsimulation stellen, im Vergleich zu Rekonstruktionen, eine zu schwache Verschiebung des Niederschlags nach Norden dar mit einem zu starken meridionalen Niederschlagsgradienten. Studien zeigen, dass die Repräsentation von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre dafür von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre können jedoch stark variieren, abhängig davon, ob konvektive Prozesse in Klimamodellen explizit aufgelöst oder parametrisiert werden. Daher untersuchen wir, ob und wie Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre die westafrikanischen Monsunniederschläge in Simulationen mit explizit aufgelöster und parametrisierter Konvektion beeinflussen.<br /><br />Unabhängig von der Darstellung der Konvektion weisen Simulationen mit einer höheren Vegetationsdichte während des mittleren Holozäns - im Vergleich zu Simulation mit heutiger Vegetation - eine positive Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre über Nordafrika auf. Sowohl in unseren Simulationen mit explizit aufgelöster als auch mit parametrisierter Konvektion dehnt sich das Niederschlagsband über Nordafrika um 4-5° nach Norden aus, wenn wir eine höhere Vegetation vorschreiben. Diese nördliche Ausdehnung der Monsunniederschläge ist eine Folge von höheren latenten Wärmeflüssen in der Sahel-Sahara Region und einer Abschwächung und Nordwärts-Verschiebung des afrikanischen Ostjets.<br /><br />Während sich die Art der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre in Simulationen mit explizit aufgelöster und parametrisierter Konvektion nicht unterscheidet, ist die Stärke der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre deutlich verschieden. In Simulationen mit expliziter Konvektion sind die positiven Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre schwächer ausgeprägt als in Simulationen mit parametrisierter Konvektion. Der Grund für diese schwächeren Wechselwirkungen - im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien - ist nicht die abgeschwächte Reaktion des Niederschlags auf eine Änderung des latenten Wärmeflusses, sondern die abgeschwächte Reaktion der Bodenfeuchte auf eine Änderung des Niederschlags. Die Darstellung der Konvektion beeinflusst maßgeblich die Niederschlagseigenschaften, wie beispielsweise deren Intensität, räumliche Verteilung oder Häufigkeit. Diese verschiedenen Niederschlagseigenschaften beeinflussen den hydrologischen Kreislauf in unseren Simulationen maßgeblich. Lokale Starkniederschläge in Simulationen mit expliziter Konvektion führen zu einem hohen Wasserabfluss, weshalb sich die Bodenfeuchte weniger gut regenerieren kann als in Simulationen mit parametrisierter Konvektion. Wir zeigen, dass diese Limitierung der Bodenfeuchte in Simulationen mit expliziter Konvektion im Vergleich zu Simulationen mit parametrisierter Konvektion, die potenzielle Stärke der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Land und Atmosphäre einschränkt und die nördliche Ausdehnung der Monsunniederschläge begrenzt.</p>

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1571-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory G. J. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Caroline L. Bain ◽  
Peter Knippertz ◽  
John H. Marsham ◽  
Douglas J. Parker

Abstract Accurate prediction of the commencement of local rainfall over West Africa can provide vital information for local stakeholders and regional planners. However, in comparison with analysis of the regional onset of the West African monsoon, the spatial variability of the local monsoon onset has not been extensively explored. One of the main reasons behind the lack of local onset forecast analysis is the spatial noisiness of local rainfall. A new method that evaluates the spatial scale at which local onsets are coherent across West Africa is presented. This new method can be thought of as analogous to a regional signal against local noise analysis of onset. This method highlights regions where local onsets exhibit a quantifiable degree of spatial consistency (denoted local onset regions or LORs). It is found that local onsets exhibit a useful amount of spatial agreement, with LORs apparent across the entire studied domain; this is in contrast to previously found results. Identifying local onset regions and understanding their variability can provide important insight into the spatial limit of monsoon predictability. While local onset regions can be found over West Africa, their size is much smaller than the scale found for seasonal rainfall homogeneity. A potential use of local onset regions is presented that shows the link between the annual intertropical front progression and local agronomic onset.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Johannes Diekmann ◽  
Matthias Schneider ◽  
Peter Knippertz ◽  
Andries Jan de Vries ◽  
Stephan Pfahl ◽  
...  

2008 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Dalu ◽  
M. Gaetani ◽  
M. Baldi

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (21) ◽  
pp. 5557-5571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally L. Lavender ◽  
Christopher M. Taylor ◽  
Adrian J. Matthews

Abstract Recent observational studies have suggested a role for soil moisture and land–atmosphere coupling in the 15-day westward-propagating mode of intraseasonal variability in the West African monsoon. This hypothesis is investigated with a set of three atmospheric general circulation model experiments. 1) When soil moisture is fully coupled with the atmospheric model, the 15-day mode of land–atmosphere variability is clearly identified. Precipitation anomalies lead soil moisture anomalies by 1–2 days, similar to the results from satellite observations. 2) To assess whether soil moisture is merely a passive response to the precipitation, or an active participant in this mode, the atmospheric model is forced with a 15-day westward-propagating cycle of regional soil moisture anomalies based on the fully coupled mode. Through a reduced surface sensible heat flux, the imposed wet soil anomalies induce negative low-level temperature anomalies and increased pressure (a cool high). An anticyclonic circulation then develops around the region of wet soil, enhancing northward moisture advection and precipitation to the west. Hence, in a coupled framework, this soil moisture–forced precipitation response would provide a self-consistent positive feedback on the westward-propagating soil moisture anomaly and implies an active role for soil moisture. 3) In a final sensitivity experiment, soil moisture is again externally prescribed but with all intraseasonal fluctuations suppressed. In the absence of soil moisture variability there are still pronounced surface sensible heat flux variations, likely due to cloud changes, and the 15-day westward-propagating precipitation signal is still present. However, it is not as coherent as in the previous experiments when interaction with soil moisture was permitted. Further examination of the soil moisture forcing experiment in GCM experiment 2 shows that this precipitation mode becomes phase locked to the imposed soil moisture anomalies. Hence, the 15-day westward-propagating mode in the West African monsoon can exist independently of soil moisture; however, soil moisture and land–atmosphere coupling act to feed back on the atmosphere and further enhance and organize it.


2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (9) ◽  
pp. 3881-3900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Q. Zhang ◽  
T. Matsui ◽  
S. Cheung ◽  
M. Zupanski ◽  
C. Peters-Lidard

Abstract This work assimilates multisensor precipitation-sensitive microwave radiance observations into a storm-scale NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) Model simulation of the West African monsoon. The analysis consists of a full description of the atmospheric states and a realistic cloud and precipitation distribution that is consistent with the observed dynamic and physical features. The analysis shows an improved representation of monsoon precipitation and its interaction with dynamics over West Africa. Most significantly, assimilation of precipitation-affected microwave radiance has a positive impact on the distribution of precipitation intensity and also modulates the propagation of cloud precipitation systems associated with the African easterly jet. Using an ensemble-based assimilation technique that allows state-dependent forecast error covariance among dynamical and microphysical variables, this work shows that the assimilation of precipitation-sensitive microwave radiances over the West African monsoon rainband enables initialization of storms. These storms show the characteristics of continental tropical convection that enhance the connection between tropical waves and organized convection systems.


2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 6636-6648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Taylor

Abstract Via its impact on surface fluxes, subseasonal variability in soil moisture has the potential to feed back on regional atmospheric circulations, and thereby rainfall. An understanding of this feedback mechanism in the climate system has been hindered by the lack of observations at an appropriate scale. In this study, passive microwave data at 10.65 GHz from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite are used to identify soil moisture variability during the West African monsoon. A simple model of surface sensible heat flux is developed from these data and is used, alongside atmospheric analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), to provide a new interpretation of monsoon variability on time scales of the order of 15 days. During active monsoon periods, the data indicate extensive areas of wet soil in the Sahel. The impact of the resulting weak surface heat fluxes is consistent in space and time with low-level variations in atmospheric heating and vorticity, as depicted in the ECMWF analyses. The surface-induced vorticity structure is similar to previously documented intraseasonal variations in the monsoon flow, notably a westward-propagating vortex at low levels. In those earlier studies, the variability in low-level flow was considered to be the critical factor in producing intraseasonal fluctuations in rainfall. The current analysis shows that this vortex can be regarded as an effect of the rainfall (via surface hydrology) as well as a cause.


2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3681-3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry H. Cook ◽  
Edward K. Vizy

Abstract The ability of coupled GCMs to correctly simulate the climatology and a prominent mode of variability of the West African monsoon is evaluated, and the results are used to make informed decisions about which models may be producing more reliable projections of future climate in this region. The integrations were made available by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The evaluation emphasizes the circulation characteristics that support the precipitation climatology, and the physical processes of a “rainfall dipole” variability mode that is often associated with dry conditions in the Sahel when SSTs in the Gulf of Guinea are anomalously warm. Based on the quality of their twentieth-century simulations over West Africa in summer, three GCMs are chosen for analysis of the twenty-first century integrations under various assumptions about future greenhouse gas increases. Each of these models behaves differently in the twenty-first-century simulations. One model simulates severe drying across the Sahel in the later part of the twenty-first century, while another projects quite wet conditions throughout the twenty-first century. In the third model, warming in the Gulf of Guinea leads to more modest drying in the Sahel due to a doubling of the number of anomalously dry years by the end of the century. An evaluation of the physical processes that cause these climate changes, in the context of the understanding about how the system works in the twentieth century, suggests that the third model provides the most reasonable projection of the twenty-first-century climate.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document