scholarly journals Household water treatment and safe storage – effectiveness and economics

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-176
Author(s):  
S. M. L. Stubbé ◽  
A. Pelgrim-Adams ◽  
G. L. Szanto ◽  
D. van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Retail Prices

Abstract. Household Water Treatment and safe Storage (HWTS) systems aim to provide safe drinking water in an affordable manner to users where safe piped water supply is either not feasible or not reliable. In this study the effectiveness, costs and cost drivers of three selected HWTS systems were identified. The selected systems are SODIS, ceramic filter and biosand filter. These options were selected based on their current usage rate, available scientific data, and future potential. Data was obtained through peer-reviewed literature, reports, web-pages and informal sources. The findings show a wide dispersion for log removal of effectiveness of the HWTS systems. For bacteria, log removals of 1–9 (SODIS), 0.5–7.2 (ceramic) and 0–3 (biosand) were reported. In the case of viruses, log removals of 0–4.3 (SODIS), 0.09–2.4 (ceramic) and 0–7 (biosand) were found. The dispersions of log removal for both bacteria and viruses range from non-protective to highly protective according to WHO performance targets. The reported costs of HWTS systems show a wide range as well. The price per cubic meter water is found to be EUR 0–8 (SODIS), EUR 0.37–6.4 (ceramic) and EUR 0.08–12.3 (biosand). The retail prices found are: negligible (SODIS), USD 1.9–30 (ceramic) and USD 7–100 (biosand). No relationship was observed between removal efficiency and economics of the three systems.

scholarly journals Household water treatment and safe storage – effectiveness and economics

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie M. L. Stubbé ◽  
Alida Pelgrim-Adams ◽  
Gabor L. Szántó ◽  
Doris van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Retail Prices

Abstract. Household Water Treatment and safe Storage (HWTS) systems aim to provide safe drinking water in an affordable manner to users where safe piped water supply is either not feasible or not reliable. In this study the effectiveness, economic parameters and costs of three selected HWTS systems were identified. The selected systems are SODIS, ceramic filter and biosand filter. These options were selected based on their accessibility, affordability and available scientific data. Data was obtained through peer-reviewed literature, reports, web-pages and informal sources. The findings show a wide dispersion for log removal of effectiveness of the HWTS systems. For bacteria (E. coli), log removals of 1–9 (SODIS), 0.5–7.2 (ceramic) and 0–3 (biosand) were reported. In the case of viruses (mostly echovirus and bacteriophages), log removals of 0–4.3 (SODIS), 0.09–2.4 (ceramic) and 0–7 (biosand) were found. The dispersions of log removals for both bacteria and viruses range from non-protective to highly protective according to WHO performance targets. The reported costs of HWTS systems show a wide range as well. The price per cubic meter water is found to be EUR 0–8 (SODIS), EUR 0.37–6.4 (ceramic) and EUR 0.08–12.3 (biosand). The retail prices found are: negligible (SODIS), USD 1.9–30 (ceramic) and USD 7–100 (biosand). No relationship was observed between removal efficiency and economics of the three systems.

scholarly journals Assessing the Sustainability and Acceptance Rate of Cost-Effective Household Water Treatment Systems in Rural Communities of Makwane Village, South Africa

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽  
Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

The current study investigated the acceptance rate and long-term effectiveness of cost-effective household water treatment systems deployed in Makwane Village. A structured questionnaire was used prior to implementation to collect information such as level of education, level of employment, and knowledge about point-of-use water treatment systems in the target area. The long-term effectiveness was determined by factors such as the Escherichia coli removal efficiency, turbidity reduction, silver leached, and flow rate of the household water treatment devices. The results of the survey prior to deployment revealed that only 4.3% of the community had a tertiary qualification. Moreover, 54.3% of the community were unemployed. The results further revealed that 65.9% of the community were knowledgeable about other point-of-use water treatment methods. The acceptance rate, which was found to be initially higher (100%), reduced after three months of implantation (biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular—82.9%; silver-impregnated porous pot filters—97.1%). Moreover, the long-term effectiveness was determined, taking into consideration the adoption rate, and it was found that silver-impregnated porous pot filters have a long life compared to biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular. Although household water treatment systems can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in impoverished communities, the success of adoption is dependent on the targeted group. This study highlights the significance of involving community members when making the decision to scale up household water treatment devices in rural areas for successful adoption.

Biosand Filter as a Household Water Treatment Technology in Ghana and its Ecobusiness Potential: An Assessment Using a Lifecycle Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
Jonathan N. Hogarh ◽  
Fatai A. Sowunmi ◽  
Agbola P. Oluwafemi ◽  
Philip Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Daniel Nukpezah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Treatment Technology

scholarly journals Assessment of household water treatment and storage practices

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrat K. Pradhan ◽  
Upasana Sinha ◽  
Durga M. Satapathy ◽  
Amit P. Swain ◽  
Rudra P. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Household Water

Background: Maintenance of drinking-water quality is a pillar of primary prevention and continues to be the foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction. The objective of the study was to assess household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) practice.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 2 months. Total of 250 household were surveyed under the UHTC. Data was collected using WHO toolkit for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment and safe storage programme. Descriptive analysis was done.Results: Majority had piped connection (32%) followed by public standpipe (31.2%), hand pump (27.6%) as source of water. 60% had knowledge about boiling followed by chlorination 27%, membrane filters 22.4%. Majority i.e. 63% of the participants had thought boiling as the best method for disinfection of drinking water.Conclusions: Majority had piped connection, Maximum kept water container clean and covered. Only one fourth of the total household surveyed suffered from diarrhea in last 6 months.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of household water treatment and safe storage in improving drinking water quality: a disinfection by-product (DBP) perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Xiao ◽  
Youli Duan ◽  
Wenhai Chu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Serving as the last barrier to secure drinking water safety, household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) is perceived as an interim measure for removing pathogens from drinking water and reducing disease risk. In recent years, the application of HWTS has shown a growing trend, and its performance in controlling chemicals has also received much attention. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed by the reaction of chemical disinfectants and precursors, and are present at sub-μg·L−1 or low-to-mid-μg·L−1 levels in drinking water. Although precursor control and disinfection operation modification could contribute to DBP mitigation to some degree, DBP removal after their formation emerges as an important strategy due to the ubiquitous existence of DBPs in distribution systems and tap water. In order to figure out how DBP concentrations vary during the residence time of drinking water in households, this review summarizes the effectiveness and mechanism of HWTS and combination technologies for DBP control in municipal tap water, and makes a comparison with regard to technologies implementing different removal mechanisms as well as DBPs possessing different natures. Based on these results, this article provides an insight into DBP risk assessment and human health protection.

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