The opposing factors controlling change in warming related future flood extremes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Urbanised Catchments

<p>It is well accepted that warmer temperatures lead to greater moisture holding capacity for the atmosphere, resulting in bigger downpours, creating larger design precipitation intensities and possibly less secure flood infrastructure. It is also known that higher temperatures increase evaporation rates and hence dry soils quicker than before. This presentation discusses the role each of these controls plays in natural and urbanised catchments. It is shown that one of these two tends to dominate depending on a range of factors, including catchment attributes, as well as how extreme the design problem is. This presentation uses examples from four urban catchments spread across three continents as well as over 200 natural catchments representing various climatic zones in Australia to form its conclusions.</p>

Design Problem Solving

2006 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Winkelmann ◽  
Winfried Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Design Problem

Zusammenfassung. In zwei experimentellen Studien werden mögliche alternative Bedingungen der lösungsgüteverbessernden Wirkung einer Frage-Antwort-Technik im Entwurfsdenken (Design Problem Solving) geprüft. In der ersten Studie (N = 84) wurden differential- und kognitionspsychologische Bedingungen geprüft. Eine Aussagenanalyse in einer zweiten Studie (N = 94) sollte die nachgewiesenen Ergebnisse vertiefen. Für die in beiden Studien ermittelten Lösungsgüteverbesserungen konnten keine differentialpsychologischen Abhängigkeiten von Vorgehensstilen nachgewiesen werden. In kognitionspsychologischer Hinsicht zeigte sich, dass sowohl Fragen, die die Forderungen der Aufgabe in Erinnerung bringen, als auch Fragen, deren Beantwortung die Auslösung von Denkprozessen fördern, zur Lösungsgüteverbesserung beitragen. Größere Effekte werden bei der Kombination beider Fragenarten nahe gelegt. Die Ergebnisse der Aussagenanalyse weisen auf eine sowohl beschreibende als auch begründende und bewertende Vorgehensweise der Untersuchungsteilnehmer hin, die Verbesserungen erzielten. Fragen für weiterführende Untersuchungserfordernisse werden abgeleitet.

Evaluation of Gloriosa superba for Yield Attributing Characters and Quantification of Colchicine Originated from Different Agro Climatic Zones of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar P. ◽  
Elangaimannan R.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Gloriosa Superba ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Colchicine Alkaloid

The study was conducted to evolve Gloriosa superba for yield characters and alkalodi content for selecting elite genotypes for comercial exploitatio n. The genotypes were sowm in Variyankaval village, Udayarpalayam taluk of Ariyalur district, Tamil Nadu. The highest mean value for fresh and dry seed yield was observed in Chittor local. The genotype Mulanur local has recorded the highest mean value for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod and Arupukotai local excelled the general mean for the traits seeds per pod, fresh and dry seed yield and also for tuber characters. An investigation was carried out to quantify the colchicine (alkaloid) present in tubers by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The genotypes collected from Arupukotai recorded the highest colchicine content (0.760 mg/g) followed by Chittoor (0.578 mg/g) and Mulanur (0.496 mg/g) and there by these three genotypes were utilized for further crop improvement.

Laboratory Prediction of Phosphorus Release from Deciduous Leaves to Urban Runoff

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Culbert ◽  
Robert France
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Total Export ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Urban Catchments

Abstract In urban centres, leaves are customarily gathered and temporarily stored in large roadside piles prior to their transport to disposal sites. To simulate the release of total phosphorus to urban runoff, birch and trembling aspen leaves were leached with distilled water in laboratory flasks. There was no difference in rate of total phosphorus release between oven-dried and non-dried leaves. An empirical equation developed from these data and knowledge of the litterfall rates for southern Canada indicated that leaves yielded from 11 to 45 mg TP m−2 of forested watershed. This amount represents up to 5% of the total export of total phosphorus from urban catchments and has the potential to exacerbate eutrophication of municipal waters if leaf pickup is not promptly enforced.

Effect of long climatic ageing on the microstructure of the surface of сarbon-fiber-reinforced plastics on base epoxy matrix

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Deev ◽  
E. V. Kurshev ◽  
S. L. Lonsky
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Carbon Plastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Determining Factor

Studies and experimental data on the microstructure of the surface of samples of epoxy сarbon-fiber-reinforced plastics that have undergone long-term (up to 5 years) climatic aging in different climatic zones of Russia have been conducted: under conditions of the industrial zone of temperate climate (Moscow, MTsKI); temperate warm climate (Gelendzhik, GTsKI); a warm humid climate (Sochi, GNIP RAS). It is established that the determining factor for aging of carbon plastics is the duration of the complex effect of climatic factors: the longer the period of climatic aging, the more significant changes occur in the microstructure of the surface of the materials. The intensity of the aging process and the degree of microstructural changes in the surface of carbon plastics are affected by the features of the climatic zone. general regularities and features of the destruction of the surface of carbon plastics after a long-term exposure to climatic factors have been established on the basis of the analysis and systematization of the results of microstructural studies.

Boundary Condition Design to Heat a Moving Object at Uniform Transient Temperature Using Inverse Formulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Ertu¨rk ◽  
Ofodike A. Ezekoye ◽  
John R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Design Problem ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Transient Temperature

The boundary condition design of a three-dimensional furnace that heats an object moving along a conveyor belt of an assembly line is considered. A furnace of this type can be used by the manufacturing industry for applications such as industrial baking, curing of paint, annealing or manufacturing through chemical deposition. The object that is to be heated moves along the furnace as it is heated following a specified temperature history. The spatial temperature distribution on the object is kept isothermal through the whole process. The temperature distribution of the heaters of the furnace should be changed as the object moves so that the specified temperature history can be satisfied. The design problem is transient where a series of inverse problems are solved. The process furnace considered is in the shape of a rectangular tunnel where the heaters are located on the top and the design object moves along the bottom. The inverse design approach is used for the solution, which is advantageous over a traditional trial-and-error solution where an iterative solution is required for every position as the object moves. The inverse formulation of the design problem is ill-posed and involves a set of Fredholm equations of the first kind. The use of advanced solvers that are able to regularize the resulting system is essential. These include the conjugate gradient method, the truncated singular value decomposition or Tikhonov regularization, rather than an ordinary solver, like Gauss-Seidel or Gauss elimination.

scholarly journals Triple-Helix Structured Model Based on Problem-Knowledge-Solution Co-evolution for Innovative Product Design Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Hui ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Ye Tao ◽  
Hongwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Problem ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Structured Model ◽  
Knowledge Spaces ◽  
Product Design Process

AbstractA design problem with deficient information is generally described as wicked or ill-defined. The information insufficiency leaves designers with loose settings, free environments, and a lack of strict boundaries, which provides them with more opportunities to facilitate innovation. Therefore, to capture the opportunity behind the uncertainty of a design problem, this study models an innovative design as a composite solving process, where the problem is clarified and resolved from fuzziness to satisfying solutions by interplay among design problems, knowledge, and solutions. Additionally, a triple-helix structured model for the innovative product design process is proposed based on the co-evolution of the problem, solution, and knowledge spaces, to provide designers with a distinct design strategy and method for innovative design. The three spaces interact and co-evolve through iterative mappings, including problem structuring, knowledge expansion, and solution generation. The mappings carry the information processing and decision-making activities of the design, and create the path to satisfying solutions. Finally, a case study of a reactor coolant flow distribution device is presented to demonstrate the practicability of this model and the method for innovative product design.

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