Magnetic to the Core - Communicating paleomagnetism with hands-on activities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annique van der Boon ◽  
Greig Paterson ◽  
Janine Kavanagh ◽  
Andy Biggin
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
General Public ◽  
Magnetic Polarity ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Family Science ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

<p>With geoscience student numbers dwindling, there is a strong need for Earth scientists to enthuse a new generation of prospective students. We created several hands-on activities to introduce members of the general public of all ages to the fundamentals of, and current research in paleomagnetism. We developed these activities at different outreach events in the UK, such as a family science fair (at the Ness Gardens) and a holiday workshop (at the Victoria Gallery & Museum). In the first week of July, 2019, we contributed to the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition, a science exhibition in London with almost 14,000 visitors of the general public, including many school groups. Visitors came from all educational backgrounds. We had a stand that consisted of 4 hands-on experiments, and an informative backdrop. The four activities allowed visitors to explore the range of tasks that a paleomagnetist does, from the collection and measurement of samples to understanding the behaviour of the Earth’s magnetic field. Visitors could measure real lavas from Iceland on a custom-built magnetometer that was designed specifically for outreach, and determine the magnetic polarity of the samples. We also created an information booklet with ’10 things you might not know about Earth’s magnetic field’, which is openly available under a CC-license. To measure the impact of our stand on visitors’ knowledge of paleomagnetism, we designed a quiz. Our results show that especially for school kids, our stand had a significant impact on their knowledge of the Earth’s magnetic field. In this contribution we share lessons learned through designing the ‘Magnetic to the Core’ stand, hands-on activities and evaluations.</p>

scholarly journals Magnetic to the Core – communicating paleomagnetism with hands-on activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annique van der Boon ◽  
Andrew J. Biggin ◽  
Greig A. Paterson ◽  
Janine L. Kavenagh
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
General Public ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Science Laboratories ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Paleomagnetism is a relatively unknown part of Earth sciences that is not well integrated into the school curriculum in the United Kingdom. Throughout recent years, there has been a decline in the number of Earth science students in the UK. In 2018 and 2019, we developed outreach activities and resources to introduce the scientifically-engaged general public to paleomagnetism and raise awareness of how geomagnetism affects society today, thus putting paleomagnetism, and Earth sciences, in the spotlight. We tested our ideas at local events that were visited mostly by families with small children, with tens to hundreds of participants. Our project culminated in the ‘Magnetic to the Core’ stand at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition in 2019, which is visited by members of the general public as well as students and teachers, scientists, policymakers and the media. At this event, we communicated the fundamentals of paleomagnetism through hands-on experiments and presented our recent research advances in a fun and family friendly way. To test the impact of our exhibit on knowledge of paleomagnetism and Earth’s magnetic field on visitors, we designed an interactive quiz and collected results from 382 participants over 8 days. The results show an increase in score of 19.1 % between those who had not yet visited the stand to those who had visited for more than 10 minutes. The results from school-age respondents alone show a larger increase in score of 28.1 % between those who had not yet visited and those who had spent more than 10 minutes at the stand. These findings demonstrate that this outreach event was successful in impacting visitors’ learning. We hope our Magnetic to the Core project can serve as an inspiration for other Earth science laboratories looking to engage a wide audience and measure the success and impact of their outreach activities.

scholarly journals Thin Vaulted Tile Structure as a Sustainable Slab

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 132-134
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Core ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Concrete Materials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Materials

The concept of sustainability for roof structure becomes most effective because slab consumes the highest amount of cement and steel in the building. This increases carbon footprint, which is a measure of the impact caused by the utilization of natural resources, eventually affecting the earth, and it becomes a subject of higher cost also. The objective of the paper is to find a safe, economical and sustainable roofing structure suitable for suburban and rural settlements. The literature survey carried out deeply and the potential is observed in tile vaulted structures. The core reasons behind adopting a vaulted structure are, it avoids using steel and concrete materials in construction, utilizes local labour, and low-cost local materials for construction. This predominantly becomes the primary factor in deciding the construction of an economical roofing structure for multiple dwelling units in rural and suburban settlements to provide a safe, sustainable and maintenance-free roofing system using tile vaulted structure.

The westward drift of the Earth's magnetic field

1950 ◽  
Vol 243 (859) ◽  
pp. 67-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Earth’S Magnetic Field ◽  
Dynamo Theory ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth's Magnetic Field ◽  
Harmonic Analyses ◽  
Westward Drift

The westward drift of the non-dipole part of the earth’s magnetic field and of its secular variation is investigated for the period 1907-45 and the uncertainty of the results discussed. It is found that a real drift exists having an angular velocity which is independent of latitude. For the non-dipole field the rate of drift is 0.18 ± 0-015°/year, that for the secular variation is 0.32 ±0-067°/year. The results are confirmed by a study of harmonic analyses made between 1829 and 1945. The drift is explained as a consequence of the dynamo theory of the origin of the earth’s field. This theory required the outer part of the core to rotate less rapidly than the inner part. As a result of electromagnetic forces the solid mantle of the earth is coupled to the core as a whole, and the outer part of the core therefore travels westward relative to the mantle, carrying the minor features of the field with it.

Creating a culture of employability in mental health

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Boycott ◽  
Justine Schneider ◽  
Michael Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Supported Employment ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw out the lessons learned from the implementation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment in two contrasting adult mental health teams; one “standard” CMHT, and one early intervention in psychosis (EIP) team. Design/methodology/approach – These inferences are based on the evidence from a four-year study of IPS in one mental health care provider in the UK, which began by setting up a new service, and went on to run a RCT looking at the impact of psychological input as an adjunct to IPS alone. Findings – In attempting to introduce IPS to mental health teams in Nottingham the authors came across numerous barriers, including service reorganisation, funding cuts and the wider context of recession. Differences were observed between mental health teams in the willingness to embrace IPS. The authors argue that this variability is due to differences in caseload size, recovery priorities and client profiles. The authors have learnt that perseverance, strenuous efforts to engage clinical staff and the use of IPS fidelity reviews can make a positive difference to the implementation process. Practical implications – The experience suggests that setting up an IPS service is possible even in the most challenging of times, and that EIP services may be a particularly fertile ground for this approach. The authors also discuss potential barriers to implementing new services in mental health teams. Originality/value – This paper will be of value to service development and the science of implementation in mental health.

Magneto-inertial waves and planetary rotation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Rekier ◽  
Santiago Triana ◽  
Véronique Dehant
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Density Stratification ◽  
Length Of Day ◽  
Inertial Waves ◽  
Torsional Oscillations ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Planetary Rotation ◽  
The Magnetic Field

<p>Magnetic fields inside planetary objects can influence their rotation. This is true, in particular, of terrestrial objects with a metallic liquid core and a self-sustained dynamo such as the Earth, Mercury, Ganymede, etc. and also, to a lesser extent, of objects that don’t have a dynamo but are embedded in the magnetic field of their parent body like Jupiter’s moon, Io.<br>In these objects, angular momentum is transfered through the electromagnetic torques at the Core-Mantle Boundary (CMB) [1]. In the Earth, these have the potential to produce a strong modulation in the length of day at the decadal and interannual timescales [2]. They also affect the periods and amplitudes of nutation [3] and polar motion [4]. <br>The intensity of these torques depends primarily on the value of the electric conductivity at the base of the mantle, a close study and detailed modelling of their role in planetary rotation can thus teach us a lot about the physical processes taking place near the CMB.</p><p>In the study of the Earth’s length of day variations, the interplay between rotation and the internal magnetic field arrises from the excitation of torsional oscillations inside the Earth’s core [5]. These oscillations are traditionally modelled based on a series of assumptions such as that of Quasi-Geostrophicity (QG) of the flow inside the core [6]. On the other hand, the effect of the magnetic field on nutations and polar motion is traditionally treated as an additional coupling at the CMB [1]. In such model, the core flow is assumed to have a uniform vorticity and its pattern is kept unaffected by the magnetic field. </p><p>In the present work, we follow a different approach based on the study of magneto-inertial waves. When coupled to gravity through the effect of density stratification, these waves are known to play a crucial role in the oscillations of stars known as magneto-gravito-inertial modes [7]. The same kind of coupling inside the Earth’s core gives rise to the so-called MAC waves which are directly and conceptually related to the aforementioned torsional oscillations [8]. </p><p>We present our preliminary results on the computation of magneto-inertial waves in a freely rotating planetary model with a partially conducting mantle. We show how these waves can alter the frequencies of the free rotational modes identified as the Free Core Nutation (FCN) and Chandler Wobble (CW). We analyse how these results compare to those based on the QG hypothesis and how these are modified when viscosity and density stratification are taken into account. </p><p>[1] Dehant, V. et al. Geodesy and Geodynamics 8, 389–395 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.geog.2017.04.005<br>[2] Holme, R. et al. Nature 499, 202–204 (2013). doi:10.1038/nature12282<br>[3] Dumberry, M. et al. Geophys. J. Int. 191, 530–544 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05625.x<br>[4] Kuang, W. et al. Geod. Geodyn. 10, 356–362 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.geog.2019.06.003<br>[5] Jault, D. et al. Nature 333, 353–356 (1988). doi:10.1038/333353a0<br>[6] Gerick, F. et al. Geophys. Res. Lett. (2020). doi:10.1029/2020gl090803<br>[7] Mathis, S. et al. EAS Publications Series 62 323-362 (2013). doi: 10.1051/eas/1362010<br>[8] Buffett, B. et al. Geophys. J. Int. 204, 1789–1800 (2016). doi:10.1093/gji/ggv552</p>

scholarly journals 42. Solar cosmic radiation and the interstellar magnetic field

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 404-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ehmert
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Narrow Angle ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Zones

The increase of cosmic radiation on 23 February 1956 by solar radiation exhibited in the first minutes a high peak at European stations that were lying in direct impact zones for particles coming from a narrow angle near the sun, whilst other stations received no radiation for a further time of 10 minutes and more. An hour later all stations in intermediate and high latitudes recorded solar radiation in a distribution as would be expected if this radiation fell into the geomagnetic field in a fairly isotropic distribution. The intensity of the solar component decreased at this time at all stations according to the same hyperbolic law (~t–2).It is shown, that this decreasing law, as well as the increase of the impact zones on the earth, can be understood as the consequence of an interstellar magnetic field in which the particles were running and bent after their ejection from the sun.Considering the bending in the earth's magnetic field, one can estimate the direction of this field from the times of the very beginning of the increase in Japan and at high latitudes. The lines of magnetic force come to the earth from a point with astronomical co-ordinates near 12·00, 30° N. This implies that within the low accuracy they have the direction of the galactic spiral arm in which we live. The field strength comes out to be about 0·7 × 10–6gauss. There is a close agreement with the field, that Fermi and Chandrasekhar have derived from Hiltner's measurements of the polarization of starlight and the strength of which they had estimated to the same order of magnitude.

scholarly journals Regular reversals in the six-jet geodynamo model

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Liubov Feshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Free Decay ◽  
Regular Character

A low-mode geodynamo model is developed, controlled by 6-jet convection in the core of the Earth. The model contains only four modes, representing the fields of temperature, velocity, and two fields of magnetic induction. The magnetic modes was chosen by combining eight magnetic modes of free decay. There are two noise components in the model. In the model, stable regimes of generation of a magnetic field with reversals having a regular character were obtained. These reversals do not cause changes in the convection structure.

Modelling the core magnetic field of the Earth

1982 ◽  
Vol 306 (1492) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Spherical Harmonics ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Core Field ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Current Systems ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The magnetic field generated in the core of the Earth is often represented by spherical harmonics of the magnetic potential. It has been found from looking at the equations of spherical harmonics, and from studying the values of the spherical harmonic coefficients derived from data from Magsat, that this is an unsatisfactory way of representing the core field. Harmonics of high degree are characterized by generally shorter wavelength expressions on the surface of the Earth, but also contain very long wavelength features as well. Thus if it is thought that the higher degree harmonics are produced by magnetizations within the crust of the Earth, these magnetizations have to be capable of producing very long wavelength signals. Since it is impossible to produce very long wavelength signals of sufficient amplitude by using crustal magnetizations of reasonable intensity, the separation of core and crustal sources by using spherical harmonics is not ideal. We suggest that a better way is to use radial off-centre dipoles located within the core of the Earth. These have several advantages. Firstly, they can be thought of as modelling real physical current systems within the core of the Earth. Secondly, it can be shown that off-centred dipoles, if located deep within the core, are more effective at removing long wavelength signals of potential or field than can be achieved by using spherical harmonics. The disadvantage is that it is much more difficult to compute the positions and strengths of the off-centred dipole fields, and much less easy to manipulate their effects (such as upward and downward continuation). But we believe, along with Cox and Alldredge & Hurwitz, that the understanding that we might obtain of the Earth’s magnetic field by using physically reasonable models rather than mathematically convenient models is very important. We discuss some of the radial dipole models that have been proposed for the nondipole portion of the Earth’s field to arrive at a model that agrees with observations of secular variation and excursions.

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