Topographic effects on the initial establishment and growth of pine trees as a riparian vegetation after debris flow-induced disturbance in a mountain stream

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suk Woo Kim ◽  
Jae Uk Lee ◽  
Young Hyup Lim ◽  
Sooyoun Nam ◽  
Kun Woo Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Type A ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Type B ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Channel Segment

<p>On July 15, 2006, heavy rainstorm-triggered debris flow destroyed mature riparian forests and altered the channel geomorphology along the Hangye stream, Mt. Seorak National Park, Republic of Korea. We examined the effect of the topographic site condition on the initial establishment and growth of pine trees (<em>Pinus densiflora</em>) as one a dominant species of riparian vegetation along transects on new debris flow terraces formed along the Hangye stream. In the 2019 field investigation, the tree age and internode length of all <em>P. densiflora</em> seedlings were measured in each 25-m<sup>2</sup> plot placed at 5-m intervals for a total of 19 cross-section lines marked by a topographic survey using an auto level. For data analysis, stream channel morphology was classified into two typical types: a single channel segment with only the main channel (type A; total of 14 cross-section lines) and divergent channel segment with the main and several secondary channels (type B; total of 5 cross-section lines). The height (Hq) and distance (Dq) of each surveyed plot from the thalweg line of the main channel were considered as topographic site conditions with reference to the establishment and growth of riparian vegetation. As a result, the mean Hq and mean Dq were all greater in plots with the appearance of pine trees than in those without in both type A and type B segments, showing statistical significances at the 1% level. This study also showed that the mean age and mean annual growth rate of <em>P. densiflora</em> seedlings were positively correlated with Hq in type A segments but not in type B segments. Dq showed no correlation with the mean age and mean annual growth rate of <em>P. densiflora</em> seedlings in both type A and type B segments. These results demonstrate that the initial establishment and growth of riparian vegetation were affected by the height above the channel bed associated with the flood frequency and divergent flood flows.</p><p> </p><p>Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2017R1C1B5076781).</p>

scholarly journals Repellent activities of dichloromethane extract of Allium sativum (garlic) (Liliaceae) against Hyalomma rufipes (Acari)

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Nchu ◽  
Solomon R. Magano ◽  
Jacobus N. Eloff
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Type B ◽  
Repellent Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hyalomma Rufipes

Dichloromethane (DCM) extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) bulbs was assessed for its repellent effect against the hard tick, Hyalomma rufipes (Acari: Ixodidae) using two tick behavioural bioassays; Type A and Type B repellency bioassays, under laboratory conditions. These bioassays exploit the questing behaviour of H. rufipes, a tick that in nature displays ambush strategy, seeking its host by climbing up on vegetation and attaching to a passing host. One hundred microlitres (100 µL) of the test solution containing DCM extract of garlic bulbs and DCM at concentrations of 0.35%, 0.7% or 1.4% w/v were evaluated. DCM only was used for control. Tick repellency increased significantly (R2 = 0.98) with increasing concentration (40.03% – 86.96%) yielding an EC50 of 0.45% w/v in Type B repellency bioassay. At concentration of 1.4% w/v, the DCM extract of garlic bulbs produced high repellency index of 87% (male ticks) and 87.5% (female ticks) in the Type A repellency bioassay. Only 4% avoidance of male ticks or female ticks was recorded in the Type B repellency bioassay. In the corresponding controls, the mean numbers of non-repelled male or female ticks were 80% and 41 males or 38 females of 50 ticks in the Type A and Type B repellency bioassays, respectively. The variations in the results could be attributed to the difference in tick repellent behaviours that were assessed by the two repellency bioassays; the Type A repellency bioassay assessed repellent effect of garlic extracts without discriminating between deterrence and avoidance whereas the Type B repellency bioassay only assessed avoidance response. Generally, DCM extract of garlic was repellent against H. rufipes, albeit weak tick repellency was obtained in the Type B repellency bioassay. Furthermore, this study established that the tick repellent activity of garlic extracts is predominantly by deterrence.

Type A/B Behavior and Eight Basic Emotions in 1084 Employees

1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katija Čatipović-Veselica ◽  
Vjekoslav Amidžić ◽  
Dinko Burić ◽  
Vesna Ilakovac ◽  
Damir Kozmar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type A Behavior ◽  
Type B ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Type A Behavior Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Counseling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Emotional Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the prevalence of Type A/B behavior and Emotion Profiles in 1084 employees. This report focused on the relationship between Type A behavior and eight basic emotion dimensions. Of the 1084 subjects 710 (65%) scored as Type A and 374 (34.5%) as Type B. The mean Bortner scores for all subjects were 182.8 ( SD = 33.7), scores on emotional dimensions for Incorporation and Reproduction were high, and intensities for Ejection and Destruction were low; mean scores on other emotions were normal. Significant differences between Type A and Type B scores were found on six emotional dimensions. Subjects classified as Type A had ratings lower on trustful, controlled, and timid and higher on aggressive, distrustful, and uncontrolled than did persons classified as Type B. There were no differences between Type A and Type B scores on the emotion dimensions of Reproduction and Deprivation. Our data suggest multiple emotional components may comprise the Type A behavior pattern. This is important for behavioral counseling programs and early preventive efforts which could be aimed at reducing the intensity of Type A behaviors.

The Variable Emergence of the Infrapatellar Branch of the Saphenous Nerve

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Henry ◽  
Przemysław Pękala ◽  
Piravin Ramakrishnan ◽  
Dominik Taterra ◽  
Karolina Saganiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Type A ◽  
Saphenous Nerve ◽  
Cadaveric Study ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Type B ◽  
Infrapatellar Branch ◽  
Type C ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) is a cutaneous nerve of the lower limb, which arises distal to the adductor canal. High variability in the emergence, course, branching, termination, and morphometrics of the IPBSN poses an increased risk of injury to the nerve during surgical interventions on the anteromedial aspect of the knee. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the IPBSN. This study utilized cadaveric (n = 100) and ultrasonography (n = 30) assessments, and meta-analysis. In the cadaveric study, the presence of IPBSN and its emergence mode in relation to the sartorius muscle (SaM) was determined (type A-anterior; type B-posterior; type C-penetrating the SaM). Ultrasonography examinations were conducted on healthy volunteers to determine the presence and mode of the emergence of the nerve. Finally, from electronic databases searching, all studies reporting the IPBSN emergence data were pooled into a meta-analysis. The mean distance between the medial border of the patellar ligament (MBPL) and the IPBSN at the level of the patellar apex (PA) was also analyzed in the cadaveric, ultrasonography, and meta-analysis portions of the study. Six studies (n = 336 limbs), including the present cadaveric study, were pooled into the meta-analysis of emergence. The most prevalent IPBSN emergence mode was type C (42.9%) followed by type B (41.9%) and type A (15.4%). In the ultrasonography assessment, type A was found to be the most common (82.8%). The mean distance between the MBPL and the IPBSN at the level of the PA was 4.89 ± 0.22 cm, and 5.57 ± 0.91 cm, for the cadaveric and meta-analysis studies combined, and the ultrasonography assessment, respectively. This multimodality study shows that the most common type of IPBSN emergence is type C. The horizontal distance between the MBPL and the IPBSN at the level of the PA is usually between 4.5 and 5.6 cm. Understanding the anatomy of IPBSN emergence is crucial for orthopedic surgeons to minimize the risks of iatrogenic nerve injury during surgical procedures in the region.

Reliability of a Brief Scale for Assessment of Coronary-Prone Behavior and Standard Measures of Type a Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1039-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurens D. Young ◽  
Joseph J. Barboriak
Keyword(s):  
Life Quality ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type A Behavior ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Type B ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Activity Survey ◽  
Coronary Prone Behavior

45 male volunteers were classified by the Structured Interview for Type A behavior and also by the Jenkins Activity Survey. Each subject also responded to a series of 10 questions taken from the Milwaukee Cardiovascular Life Quality Questionnaire. 10 items of the questionnaire were tested to form a scale, the Milwaukee questionnaire—10 for the classification of Type A and B coronary-prone behavior. Each response was rated as one if it was in the previously defined direction of Type A or as zero if in Type B direction. The mean response in this population was 3.56. Subjects scoring 0 to 3 were then classified as Type B and those scoring 4 and more as Type A. Subjects were also given two standard measures of Type A behavior, the Jenkins survey and the structured interview. Comparisons of Type A vs B classes were made between the Milwaukee questionnaire and the interview and the Jenkins survey. High agreement rating Type A behavior was found among instruments. The 10 items appear to provide a reliable and brief scale for rating Type A coronary-prone behavior.

Modeling of Lagrangian particles in turbulence boundary layer considering attached eddies: particle trajectories and concentration profiles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ying Huang ◽  
Christina W. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Lagrangian Particle ◽  
Particle Trajectories ◽  
Particle Tracking Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Attached Eddies

<p>     Sediment particles in flow not only follow the mean drift, but also diffuse randomly due to turbulence. Owing to this property, Lagrangian particle trajectory is regarded as a stochastic process in this study. The proposed model based on Lagrangian methods will combine physical mechanisms and stochastic methods to simulate the particle motion, and uses the Brownian motion to describe the diffusion affected by turbulence. In turbulence boundary layer, there are eddies with different length and velocity scales. Eddies affect the motion of a particle, like the occurrences of ejection and sweep events. Among others, those extended to the wall, named attached eddies, are primarily responsible for most of the turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stresses. Perry & Marušić (1995) further divided the attached eddies into two types, those directly attached to the wall are called Type-A eddies while others not directly attached to the wall in the wake region are called Type-B eddies. The scales of Type-B eddies are affected by the distance away from the wall. Therefore, this study will combine the above-mentioned theory and the stochastic diffusion particle tracking model (SD-PTM) to simulate the Lagrangian sediment particles in turbulence boundary layer considering the effects of attached eddies.<br>     The SD-PTM which has been built on the Lagrangian scheme and derived from the Langevin equation has two main parts – the mean drift term and the turbulence term. The proposed model will separate the turbulence term into the effects by Type-A eddies and the effects by Type-B eddies, respectively. In the simulation results of sediment concentration in Tsai & Huang (2019), it can be found that when only Type-A eddies are considered, there were some discrepancies except for the near wall region within about 20% of the thickness of turbulence boundary layer. Hence, after taking into account for the effects of Type-B eddies in the proposed model, it can be expected that accuracy of the simulation results of Lagrangian particle trajectories and sediment concentrations can be improved throughout the whole boundary layer.</p><p>Keywords: Lagrangian methods, stochastic particle tracking model, attached eddies, Brownian motion, particle trajectories</p>

Differentiation of lacrimal gland tumors using the multi-model MRI: classification and regression tree (CART)-based analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 028418512110210
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Li ◽  
Xue Wu ◽  
Jiang Qian ◽  
Yifei Yuan ◽  
Shenjiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lacrimal Gland ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Type A ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Type B ◽  
Epithelial Tumors ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classification And Regression

Background Little is known about the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) in combination with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for the differentiation of lacrimal gland tumors. Purpose To evaluate the ability of DCE and DWI in differentiating lacrimal gland tumors. Material and Methods DCE and DWI were performed in 72 patients with lacrimal gland tumors. Time-intensity curve (TIC) patterns were categorized as type A, type B, type C, and type D. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured on DWI. Then, the diagnostic effectiveness of TIC in conjunction with ADC was assessed using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Results Type A tumors were all epithelial; they could be further separated into pleomorphic adenoma sand carcinomas. Type B tumors were all non-epithelial tumors, which could be further separated into benign inflammatory infiltrates (BIIs) and lymphomas. Type C tumors contained both carcinomas and non-epithelial tumors, which could be diagnosed into carcinomas, BIIs and lymphomas. Type D tumors were all PAs. The mean ADC of epithelial tumors was significantly higher than that of non-epithelial tumors, and the mean ADC values were significantly different between PAs and carcinomas. Besides, the mean ADC value of BIIs was higher than that of lymphomas. Therefore, the CART decision tree made by ADC and TIC had a predictive accuracy of 86.1%, differentiating lacrimal gland tumors effectively. Conclusion Combined DCE and DWI-MRI can efficiently differentiate lacrimal gland tumors which can be of help to ophthalmologists in the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors.

Biological and Morphological Studies on Low-Leukemia-Strain Mice with Hodgkin's-Like Neoplasia Induced by Serial Cell-Free Transmission of Leukemic Organs of SJL/J Strain Mice

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
S. Fujinaga ◽  
K. Maruyama ◽  
C.W. Williams ◽  
K. Sekhri ◽  
L. Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Type A ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Type B ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Serial Transfer ◽  
Strain Mouse ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Free Material

Yumoto and Dmochowski (Cancer Res.27, 2098 (1967)) reported the presence of mature and immature type C leukemia virus particles in leukemic organs and tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, liver, and kidneys of SJL/J strain mice with Hodgki's-like disease or reticulum cell neoplasm (type B). In an attempt to ascertain the possibility that this neoplasia may be of viral origin, experiments with induction and transmission of this neoplasm were carried out using cell-free extracts of leukemic organs from an SJL/J strain mouse with spontaneous disease.It has been possible to induce the disease in low-leukemia BALB/c and C3HZB strain mice and serially transfer the neoplasia by cell-free extracts of leukemic organs of these mice. Histological examination revealed the neoplasia to be of either reticulum cell-type A or type B. Serial transfer is now in its fifth passage. In addition leukemic spleen from another SJL/J strain mouse with spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasm (type A) was set up in tissue culture and is now in its 141st serial passage in vitro. Preliminary results indicate that cell-free material of 39th tissue culture passage can reproduce neoplasia in BALB/c mice.

Anticoagulant Activity of β2-Glycoprotein I Is Potentiated by a Distinct Subgroup of Anticardiolipin Antibodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (03) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Galli ◽  
Paul Comfurius ◽  
Tiziano Barbui ◽  
Robert F A Zwaal ◽  
Edouard M Bevers
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Type A ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Type B ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Thrombin Formation

SummaryPlasmas of 16 patients positive for both IgG anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and lupus anticoagulant (LA) antibodies were subjected to adsorption with liposomes containing cardiolipin. In 5 of these plasmas both the anticardiolipin and the anticoagulant activities were co-sedimented with the liposomes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas in the remaining cases only the anticardiolipin activity could be removed by the liposomes, leaving the anticoagulant activity (LA) in the supernatant plasma. aCL antibodies purified from the first 5 plasmas were defined as aCL-type A, while the term aCL-type B was used for antibodies in the other 11 plasmas, from which 2 were selected for this study.Prolongation of the dRVVT was produced by affinity-purified aCL-type A antibodies in plasma of human as well as animal (bovine, rat and goat) origin. aCL-type B antibodies were found to be devoid of anticoagulant activity, while the corresponding supernatants containing LA IgG produced prolongation of the dRVVT only in human plasma.These anticoagulant activities of aCL-type A and of LA IgG's were subsequently evaluated in human plasma depleted of β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI), a protein which was previously shown to be essential in the binding of aCL antibodies to anionic phospholipids. Prolongation of the dRVVT by aCL-type A antibodies was abolished using β2-GPI deficient plasma, but could be restored upon addition of β2-GPI. In contrast, LA IgG caused prolongation of the dRVVT irrespective of the presence or absence of β2-GPI.Since β2-GPI binds to negatively-charged phospholipids and impedes the conversion of prothrombin by the factor Xa/Va enzyme complex (Nimpf et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 884: 142–9), comparison was made of the effect of aCL-type A and aCL-type B antibodies on the rate of thrombin formation in the presence and absence of β2-GPI. This was measured in a system containing highly purified coagulation factors Xa, Va and prothrombin and lipid vesicles composed of 20 mole% phosphatidylserine and 80 mole% phosphatidylcholine. No inhibition on the rate of thrombin formation was observed with both types of aCL antibodies when either β2-GPI or the lipid vesicles were omitted. Addition of β2-GPI to the prothrombinase assay in the presence of lipid vesicles causes a time-dependent inhibition which was not affected by the presence of aCL-type B or non-specific IgG. In contrast, the presence of aCL-type A antibodies dramatically increased the anticoagulant effect of β2-GPI. These data indicate that the anticoagulant activity of aCL-type A antibodies in plasma is mediated by β2-GPI.

Feeding behaviour and bioerosion: the ecological role of the rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825), in Okinawa reef flat

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Noar Muda Satyawan ◽  
Shelly Tutupoho ◽  
Yusli Wardiatno ◽  
Makoto Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Type B ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Echinometra Mathaei ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems

Erosion rate on corals due to activities of other biota is called bioerosion. The rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei, when it is abundant, plays a significant role in benthic ecosystems, including biological processes like coral erosion. During feeding, E. mathaei erodes calcium carbonate besides grazing on algae living on coral, so it plays an important role in both organic and inorganic carbons in coral reefs. The urchin E. mathaei actively feeds during the night time (nocturnal grazer). Although in Okinawa four types (A-D) of the urchin exist, the research only focused on the types A and B. Type A of E. mathaei produced 0.44951 g feces per day on average while type B produced 0.38030 g feces per day. CaCO3 analysis in feces and gut contents showed bioerosion rate of E. mathaei type A was 0.64492 g/individu/day, and 0.54436 g/individu/day in type B. There were no significant differences in bioerosion impact of E. mathaei type A and B© Laju erosi pada karang yang disebabkan oleh biota, dikenal dengan bioerosi. Bulu babi jenis Echinometra mathaei, ketika melimpah, menjadi sangat berpengaruh terhadap ekosistem bentik termasuk proses biologi seperti erosi karang. Selama aktivitas makan, E. mathaei menggerus kalsium karbonat dalam proporsi yang besar di samping alga yang tumbuh menempel pada karang sehingga memiliki peran penting dalam siklus karbon organik dan anorganik di ekosistem terumbu karang. Bulu babi E. mathaei aktif mencari makan pada malam hari (nocturnal grazer). Meskipun di Okinanawa ada 4 tipe (A-D), pada eksperimen kali ini memfokuskan pada tipe A dan B saja. Tipe A E. mathaei rata-rata memproduksi 0,44951 g feses/hari dan tipe B memproduksi 0,38030 g feses/hari. Berdasarkan analisis CaCO3 yang dilakukan pada feses dan isi lambung, laju bioerosi yang disebabkan oleh E. mathaei tipe A sebesar 0,64492 g/individu/hari sedangkan tipe B sebesar 0,54436 g/individu/hari. Tidak terdapat perbedaan dampak bioerosi yang signifikan antara E. mathaei tipe A dan B©

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