Relationship between meningitis occurrence and atmospheric conditions over the African meningitis belt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheikh Dione ◽  
Mame Diarra Diouf ◽  
Bob Alex Ogwang ◽  
Elijah Adesanya Adefisan ◽  
Steve Woolnough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Numerical Weather ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Weather And Climate

<p> The alternation of seasons over tropical northern Africa is associated with the occurrence of devastating diseases such as meningitis, Lassa fever and malaria. These tropical diseases are associated with specific atmospheric conditions. Thus, meningitis is one of the most endemic diseases observed over this region with a prevalence period up to 7 months (December-June). Previous studies based on the link between atmospheric conditions and the occurrence of meningitis outbreaks have shown that this disease develops under dry and dusty atmospheric conditions which are difficult to represent in numerical weather and climate models. However, the onset, breakup, and sub-seasonal variability of meningitis outbreaks are not well documented. The objective of this study is to identify the local and synoptic drivers favoring the large occurrence of this disease over the meningitis belt in order to improve its predictability by numerical weather and climate models on intra-seasonal and seasonal timescales. This study focuses on two cases studies of meningitis epidemics over Niger in 2009 and 2015. The case study of 2009 started early with a duration of more than eight weeks. The second case study was shorter than the first one. It took three weeks and was observed at the end of the dry season. Based on ERA5 data, surface dust concentration observations and satellite data, a further analysis of the role of climate metrics on the triggering of meningitis epidemics on intra-seasonal timescales at local and large scale atmospheric conditions will be presented.</p>

scholarly journals Aporte Teórico-Metodologico para o Estudo da Pluviosidade em Ambientes Urbanos Vulneráveis: Estudo de Caso do Clima Urbano de Duque de Caxias/RJ (Theoretical and Methodological Rain for the Study of Vulnerable in Urban Environments: a Case Study of ...)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Antonio Carlos Da Silva Oscar Júnior ◽  
Ana Maria De Paiva Macedo Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
New Space ◽  
New Research

Hodiernamente as ciências do tempo e do clima assumem protagonismo no meio cientifico devido às questões e polêmicas atuais acerca das mudanças climáticas. Tendo em vista esse novo espaço, esse trabalho tem como objetivo trazer uma contribuição teórico-metodologica para aqueles que desejam se debruçar sobre essas novas questões que afligem o mundo moderno. Para aprofundar as discussões deste artigo, abordaremos o caso de Duque de Caxias, localizado na Baixada Fluminense do Rio de Janeiro, usando a também como caso exemplo para explicar como as dinâmicas socioeconômicas, deixando suas marcas no território intensificam os riscos naturais e aprofundam as vulnerabilidades sociais. No aflorar dessa nova agenda de pesquisas é papel dos Geógrafos aprofundarem suas análises em prol de um ordenamento territorial, e gestão do espaço condizente com as novas necessidades da sociedade. Palavras-Chave: Clima Urbano, Mudanças Climáticas, Planejamento Urbano.  Theoretical and Methodological Rain for the Study of Vulnerable in Urban Environments: a Case Study of Urban Climate Duque de Caxias-RJ  ABSTRACT Today the sciences of weather and climate took center stage in the middle due to scientific issues and controversies about the current climate. In light of this new space, this work aims to bring a theoretical and methodological contributions for those Who wish to dwell on these new issues that plague the modern world. For further discussion of this article, we discuss the case of Duque de Caxias, located in the Baixada Fluminense in Rio de Janeiro, also using as a case example to explain how socio-economic dynamics, leaving it’s mark in the territory of natural hazards intensify and deepen the vulnerabilities social. Flourishin this new research agenda is the role of geographers deepen their analysis in favor of a use and land management consistent with the changing needs of society.  Keywords: Urban Climate, Climate Change, Runoff, Urban Management

Repression of Islamists and Authoritarian Survival in the Arab World: A Case Study of Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Lachapelle
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
State Repression ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Authoritarian Survival

This chapter explores the causes of state repression against Islamist organizations in the Arab world. Advancing a rich literature on state repression, authoritarianism, and Islamist politics, it proposes a new approach that centers on the role of non-Islamist audiences for explaining the repression of Islamists. Specifically, the chapter argues that when society is divided between non-Islamists and Islamists, an autocrat can repress Islamists to signal a commitment to non-Islamists to protect them from perceived threats by Islamists. It provides supporting evidence from Egypt, which shows how large-scale repression directed at the Muslim Brotherhood after the coup of 2013 served to cultivate the support of non-Islamists.

scholarly journals Grids in Numerical Weather and Climate Models

10.5772/55922 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah N ◽  
Robert S ◽  
Pallav Ray ◽  
Katherine Chen ◽  
Angie Lassman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Numerical Weather ◽  
Weather And Climate

Drivers of biases in the extratropical storm tracks in CMIP6

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Priestley ◽  
Duncan Ackerley ◽  
Jennifer Catto ◽  
Kevin Hodges ◽  
Ruth McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Storm Tracks ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Ocean Coupling ◽  
Coupled Climate Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

<p>Extratropical cyclones are the leading driver of the day-to-day weather variability and wintertime losses for Europe. In the latest generation of coupled climate models, CMIP6, it is hoped that with improved modelling capabilities come improvements in the structure of the storm track and the associated cyclones. Using an objective cyclone identification and tracking algorithm the mean state of the storm tracks in the CMIP6 models is assessed as well as the representation of explosively deepening cyclones. Any developments and improvements since the previous generation of models in CMIP5 are discussed, with focus on the impact of model resolution on storm track representation. Furthermore, large-scale drivers of any biases are investigated, with particular focus on the role of atmosphere-ocean coupling via associated AMIP simulations and also the influence of large-scale dynamical and thermodynamical features.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Responsive Leadership in Meeting Customers' Needs during Crises

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Leadership Attributes ◽  
Leadership Support ◽  
The Face ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Impact

This case study conducted to investigate the impact of a responsive leadership approach in meeting customers' needs in a higher education institution in the UAE during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a mixed-method model has been used. The data has been collected from a convenient sample working and studying at Al Qasimia University Language Center, in fall 2020. This result indicates that the provided responsive leadership support during COVID-19 was effective and helped in motivating learners and customers to keep learning and making progress greater than what was shown before COVID-19, during the face-to-face teaching and physical assessment. Although the qualitative and quantitative results in this case study revealed a significant impact of responsive leadership approach on customers’ progress, there is still a need to conduct other researches to develop and validate a responsive leadership inventory to facilitate measuring of responsive leadership attributes in a large scale sample and/or population.

scholarly journals The Earth Model Column Collaboratory (EMC<sup>2</sup>) v1.1: An Open-Source Ground-Based Lidar and Radar Instrument Simulator and Subcolumn Generator for Large-Scale Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Silber ◽  
Robert C. Jackson ◽  
Ann M. Fridlind ◽  
Andrew S. Ackerman ◽  
Scott Collis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Earth Model ◽  
Model Output ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Ground Based Lidar

Abstract. Climate models are essential for our comprehensive understanding of Earth's atmosphere and can provide critical insights on future changes decades ahead. Because of these critical roles, today's climate models are continuously being developed and evaluated using constraining observations and measurements obtained by satellites, airborne, and ground-based instruments. Instrument simulators can provide a bridge between the measured or retrieved quantities and their sampling in models and field observations while considering instrument sensitivity limitations. Here we present the Earth Model Column Collaboratory (EMC2), an open-source ground-based lidar and radar instrument simulator and subcolumn generator, specifically designed for large-scale models, in particular climate models, but also applicable to high-resolution model output. EMC2 provides a flexible framework enabling direct comparison of model output with ground-based observations, including generation of subcolumns that may statistically represent finer model spatial resolutions. In addition, EMC2 emulates ground-based (and air- or space-borne) measurements while remaining faithful to large-scale models' physical assumptions implemented in their cloud or radiation schemes. The simulator uses either single particle or bulk particle size distribution lookup tables, depending on the selected scheme approach, to perform the forward calculations. To facilitate model evaluation, EMC2 also includes three hydrometeor classification methods, namely, radar- and sounding-based cloud and precipitation detection and classification, lidar-based phase classification, and a Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package (COSP) lidar simulator emulator. The software is written in Python, is easy to use, and can be straightforwardly customized for different models, radars and lidars. Following the description of the logic, functionality, features, and software structure of EMC2, we present a case study of highly supercooled mixed-phase cloud based on measurements from the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE). We compare observations with the application of EMC2 to outputs from four configurations of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) climate model (ModelE3) in single-column model (SCM) mode and from a large-eddy simulation (LES) model. We show that two of the four ModelE3 configurations can form and maintain highly supercooled precipitating cloud for several hours, consistent with observations and LES. While our focus is on one of these ModelE3 configurations, which performed slightly better in this case study, both of these configurations and the LES results post-processed with EMC2 generally provide reasonable agreement with observed lidar and radar variables. As briefly demonstrated here, EMC2 can provide a lightweight and flexible framework for comparing the results of both large-scale and high-resolution models directly with observations, with relatively little overhead and multiple options for achieving consistency with model microphysical or radiation scheme physics.

scholarly journals The Role of Moral Outrage on the Impeachment of Garut Regent in 2012-2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Nur Hidayat Sardini
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Action ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Short Message ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
The People ◽  
State Actors

Moral and political are two things that cannot be separated. The marriage of a regent in Garut regency, Indonesia, with an underage girl eventually leads to community action, where people demand the regent to resign from his position as a regional head. It was not even four days of marriage the regent had divorced his young wife via a short message from his own mobile phone. Therefore, the people of Garut suddenly expressed their wrath through a large-scale demonstration which pushedthe Local House of Representative immediately to process the regent’s removal. This research utilized a qualitative approach with a case-study method, the data in this research relied on the practice of in-depth interviews, observations, and documentaries. This research succeeded to observe that the general factor which underlying the action of demonstration in Garut which demanded the resignation of the regent was caused by the political climate change of democratization in the national level which also impacted Garut Regency. The national politicalclimate change increased the unconventional public participation in Garut and provided political sphere for non-state actors to establish political-involvement balance between state actors and non-state actors themselves. In other hand, the specific underlying factor on this case is the regent’s behavior which was judged as the act of dishonorable humiliation on women’s dignity, especially his speech in some national television channels. The power of this study lies on its novelty, filling in lubrication and study originality, towards the moral and ethical behavior as the new object on Social Movement.   

scholarly journals Measuring changes in snowpack SWE continuously on a landscape scale using lake water pressure 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Pritchard ◽  
Daniel Farinotti ◽  
Steven Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Alpine Valley ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
Snow Water

&lt;p&gt;The seasonal snowpack is a globally important water resource that is notoriously difficult to measure. Existing instruments make measurements of falling or accumulating snow water equivalent (SWE) that are susceptible to bias, and most can represent only a point in the landscape. Furthermore the global array of SWE sensors is too sparse and too poorly distributed to be an adequate constraint on snow in weather and climate models. We present a new approach to monitoring snowpack SWE from time series of lake water pressure. We tested our method in the lowland Finnish Arctic and in an alpine valley and high-mountain cirque in Switzerland, and found that we could measure changes in SWE and their uncertainty through snowfalls with little bias and with an uncertainty comparable to or better than that achievable by other instruments. More importantly, our method inherently senses change over the whole lake surface which can be several square kilometres, or hundreds of million of times larger than the aperture of a pluviometer. This large scale makes our measurements directly comparable to the grid cells of weather and climate models. We find, for example, snowfall biases of up to 100% in operational forecast models AROME-Arctic and COSMO-1. Seasonally-frozen lakes are widely distributed at high latitudes and are particularly common in mountain ranges, hence our new method is particularly well suited to the widespread, autonomous monitoring of snow-water resources in remote areas that are largely unmonitored today. This is potentially transformative in reducing uncertainty in regional precipitation and runoff in seasonally-cold climates.&lt;/p&gt;

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