Using emissions derived from atmospheric observations to inform the reported UK inventory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Manning ◽  
Alison Redington ◽  
Simon O'Doherty ◽  
Dickon Young ◽  
Dan Say ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Observations ◽  
Emission Modelling ◽  
National Inventory Report ◽  
The Uk

<p align="justify">Verification of the nationally reported greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories using inverse modelling and atmospheric observations is considered to be best practice by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It allows for an independent assessment of the nationally reported GHG emissions using a comprehensively different approach to the inventory methods. Significant differences in the emissions estimated using the two approaches are a means of identifying areas worthy of further investigation.</p><p align="justify"> </p><p align="justify"><span>An inversion methodology called Inversion Technique for Emission Modelling (InTEM) has been developed that uses a non-negative least squares minimisation technique to determine the emission magnitude and distribution that most accurately reproduces the observations. By estimating the underlying </span><span><em>baseline</em></span><span> time series, atmospheric concentrations where the short-term impact of regional pollution has been removed, and by modelling where the air has passed over on route to the observation stations on a regional scale, estimates of UK emissions are made. </span>In this study we use an extensive network of observations with six stations across the UK and six more in neighbouring countries<span>. InTEM uses information from a</span> Lagrangian dispersion model NAME (Numerical Atmospheric dispersion Modelling Environment), driven by three-dimensional, modelled meteorology, to understand how the air mixes during transport from the emission sources to observation points. <span>The InTEM inversion results are submitted annually by the UK as part of their National Inventory Report to the UNFCCC. They are used within the UK inventory team to highlight areas for investigation and have led to significant improvements to the submitted UK inventory. The latest UK comparisons will be shown along with examples of how the inversion results have informed the inventory.</span></p>

scholarly journals A three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion model for Mars

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Viúdez-Moreiras
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Dispersion Models ◽  
Uniform Grids ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Model ◽  
Meteorological Models

Abstract Atmospheric local-to-regional dispersion models are widely used on Earth to predict and study the effects of chemical species emitted into the atmosphere and to contextualize sparse data acquired at particular locations and/or times. However, to date, no local-to-regional dispersion models for Mars have been developed; only mesoscale/microscale meteorological models have some dispersion and chemical capabilities, but they do not offer the versatility of a dedicated atmospheric dispersion model when studying the dispersion of chemical species in the atmosphere, as it is performed on Earth. Here, a new three-dimensional local-to-regional-scale Eulerian atmospheric dispersion model for Mars (DISVERMAR) that can simulate emissions to the Martian atmosphere from particular locations or regions including chemical loss and predefined deposition rates, is presented. The model can deal with topography and non-uniform grids. As a case study, the model is applied to the simulation of methane spikes as detected by NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL); this choice is made given the strong interest in and controversy regarding the detection and variability of this chemical species on Mars.

scholarly journals Horizontal and vertical structure of the Eyjafjallajökull ash cloud over the UK: a comparison of airborne lidar observations and simulations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 9125-9159 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. M. Grant ◽  
H. F. Dacre ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
F. Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ash Cloud ◽  
Eruption Plume

Abstract. During April and May 2010 the ash cloud from the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull caused widespread disruption to aviation over northern Europe. Because of the location and impact of the eruption a wealth of observations of the ash cloud were obtained and can be used to assess modelling of the long range transport of ash in the troposphere. The UK's BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft overflew the ash cloud on a number of days during May. The aircraft carries a downward looking lidar which detected the ash layer through the backscatter of the laser light. The ash concentrations are estimated from lidar extinction coefficients and in situ measurements of the ash particle size distributions. In this study these estimates of the ash concentrations are compared with simulations of the ash cloud made with NAME (Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment), a general purpose atmospheric transport and dispersion model. The ash layers seen by the lidar were thin, with typical depths of 550–750 m. The vertical structure of the ash cloud simulated by NAME was generally consistent with the observed ash layers. The layers in the simulated ash clouds that could be identified with observed ash layers are about twice the depth of the observed layers. The structure of the simulated ash clouds were sensitive to the profile of ash emissions that was assumed. In terms of horizontal and vertical structure the best results were mainly obtained by assuming that the emission occurred at the top of the eruption plume, consistent with the observed structure of eruption plumes. However, when the height of the eruption plume was variable and the eruption was weak, then assuming that the emission of ash was uniform with height gave better guidance on the horizontal and vertical structure of the ash cloud. Comparison between the column masses in the simulated and observed ash layers suggests that about 3% of the total mass erupted by the volcano remained in the ash cloud over the United Kingdom. The problems with the interpretation of this estimate of the distal fine ash fraction are discussed.

scholarly journals Estimation of the emission factors of PAHs by traffic with the model of atmospheric dispersion and deposition from heavy traffic road

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ozaki ◽  
H. Tokumitsu ◽  
K. Kojima ◽  
T. Kindaichi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Chemical Mass Balance ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Model

In order to consider the total atmospheric loadings of the PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) from traffic activities, the emission factors of PAHs were estimated and from the obtained emission factors and vehicle transportation statistics, total atmospheric loadings were integrated and the loadings into the water body were estimated on a regional scale. The atmospheric concentration of PAHs was measured at the roadside of a road with heavy traffic in the Hiroshima area in Japan. The samplings were conducted in summer and winter. Atmospheric particulate matters (fine particle, 0.6–7 μm; coarse particle, over 7 μm) and their PAH concentration were measured. Also, four major emission sources (gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions, tire and asphalt debris) were assumed for vehicle transportation activities, the chemical mass balance method was applied and the source partitioning at the roadside was estimated. Furthermore, the dispersion of atmospheric particles from the vehicles was modelled and the emission factors of the sources were determined by the comparison to the chemical mass balance results. Based on emission factors derived from the modelling, an atmospheric dispersion model of nationwide scale (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - Atmospheric Dispersion Model for Exposure and Risk assessment) was applied, and the atmospheric concentration and loading to the ground were calculated for the Hiroshima Bay watershed area.

scholarly journals Simulation of Diurnal Variation of Atmosheric 222Rn Concentrations with Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Dispersion Model.

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya SAKASHITA ◽  
Toshiyuki MURAKAMI ◽  
Takao IIDA ◽  
Yukimasa IKEBE ◽  
Masamichi CHINO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Model

scholarly journals Toward Development of a Framework for Prediction System of Local-Scale Atmospheric Dispersion Based on a Coupling of LES-Database and On-Site Meteorological Observation

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Hiromasa Nakayama ◽  
Toshiya Yoshida ◽  
Hiroaki Terada ◽  
Masanao Kadowaki
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Prediction System ◽  
Meteorological Observation ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Class Interval ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

An accurate analysis of local-scale atmospheric dispersion of radioactive materials is important for safety and consequence assessments and emergency responses to accidental release from nuclear facilities. It is necessary to predict the three-dimensional distribution of the plume in consideration of turbulent effects induced by individual buildings and meteorological conditions. In this study, first, we conducted with meteorological observations by a Doppler LiDAR and simple plume release experiments by a mist-spraying system at the site of Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Then, we developed a framework for prediction system of local-scale atmospheric dispersion based on a coupling of large-eddy simulation (LES) database and on-site meteorological observation. The LES-database was also created by pre-calculating high-resolution turbulent flows in the target site at mean wind directions of class interval 10°. We provided the meteorological observed data with the LES-database in consideration of building conditions and calculated the three-dimensional distribution of the plume with a Lagrangian dispersion model. Compared to the instantaneous shots of the plume taken by a digital camera, it was shown that the mist plume transport direction was accurately simulated. It was concluded that our proposed framework for prediction system based on a coupling of LES-database and on-site meteorological observation is effective.

scholarly journals Horizontal and vertical structure of the Eyjafjallajökull ash cloud over the UK: a comparison of airborne lidar observations and simulations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 10145-10159 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. M. Grant ◽  
H. F. Dacre ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
F. Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Position Errors ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ash Cloud

Abstract. During April and May 2010 the ash cloud from the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull caused widespread disruption to aviation over northern Europe. The location and impact of the eruption led to a wealth of observations of the ash cloud were being obtained which can be used to assess modelling of the long range transport of ash in the troposphere. The UK FAAM (Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements) BAe-146-301 research aircraft overflew the ash cloud on a number of days during May. The aircraft carries a downward looking lidar which detected the ash layer through the backscatter of the laser light. In this study ash concentrations derived from the lidar are compared with simulations of the ash cloud made with NAME (Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment), a general purpose atmospheric transport and dispersion model. The simulated ash clouds are compared to the lidar data to determine how well NAME simulates the horizontal and vertical structure of the ash clouds. Comparison between the ash concentrations derived from the lidar and those from NAME is used to define the fraction of ash emitted in the eruption that is transported over long distances compared to the total emission of tephra. In making these comparisons possible position errors in the simulated ash clouds are identified and accounted for. The ash layers seen by the lidar considered in this study were thin, with typical depths of 550–750 m. The vertical structure of the ash cloud simulated by NAME was generally consistent with the observed ash layers, although the layers in the simulated ash clouds that are identified with observed ash layers are about twice the depth of the observed layers. The structure of the simulated ash clouds were sensitive to the profile of ash emissions that was assumed. In terms of horizontal and vertical structure the best results were obtained by assuming that the emission occurred at the top of the eruption plume, consistent with the observed structure of eruption plumes. However, early in the period when the intensity of the eruption was low, assuming that the emission of ash was uniform with height gives better guidance on the horizontal and vertical structure of the ash cloud. Comparison of the lidar concentrations with those from NAME show that 2–5% of the total mass erupted by the volcano remained in the ash cloud over the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals Do atmospheric events explain the arrival of an invasive ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) in the UK?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilvi Siljamo ◽  
Kate Ashbrook ◽  
Richard F. Comont ◽  
Carsten Ambelas Skjøth
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Model ◽  
The Uk

AbstractSpecies introduced outside their natural range threaten global biodiversity and despite greater awareness of invasive species risks at ports and airports, control measures in place only concern anthropogenic routes of dispersal. Here, we use the Harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, an invasive species which first arrived in the UK from continental Europe in 2003, to test whether records from 2004 and 2005 were associated with atmospheric events. We used the atmospheric dispersion model SILAM to model the movement of this species from known distributions in continental Europe and tested whether the predicted atmospheric events were associated with the frequency of ladybird records in the UK. We show that the distribution of this species in the early years of its arrival does not provide substantial evidence for a purely anthropogenic introduction and show instead that atmospheric events can better explain this invasion event. Our results suggest that air flows which may assist dispersal over the English Channel are relatively frequent; ranging from once a week from Belgium and the Netherlands to 1-2 times a week from France over our study period. Given the frequency of these events, we demonstrate that atmospheric-assisted dispersal is a viable route for flying species to cross natural barriers.

Best practice for chronic oedema in community settings: what can we learn?

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 610-614
Author(s):  
Garry Cooper-Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Tissue Viability ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Specialist Nurses ◽  
The Uk

There are various opportunities and challenges in the delivery of care to those diagnosed with chronic oedema/lymphoedema. Service provision is not consistent within the UK, and non-specialist nurses and other health professionals may be called on to fill the gaps in this area. The latest best practice guidance on chronic oedema is directed at community services that care for people within their own homes in primary care. This guide was developed in order to increase awareness, knowledge and access to an evidence base. Those involved in its creation cross specialist fields (lymphoedema and tissue viability), resulting in the document covering a number of areas, including an explanation of chronic oedema, its assessment and management and the association between chronic oedema and wet legs. The document complements existing frameworks on the condition and its management and also increases the available tools within chronic oedema management in the community. The present article provides an overview of the guidance document and discusses its salient features.

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