scholarly journals Factors influencing chloride deposition in a coastal hilly area and application to chloride deposition mapping

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Guan ◽  
A. J. Love ◽  
C. T. Simmons ◽  
O. Makhnin ◽  
A. S. Kayaalp
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Kriging Model ◽  
Hilly Area ◽  
Residual Kriging ◽  
Atmospheric Factors ◽  
Chloride Deposition ◽  
Average Uncertainty ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract. Chloride is commonly used as an environmental tracer for studying water flow and solute transport in the environment. It is especially useful for estimating groundwater recharge based on the commonly used chloride mass balance (CMB) method. Strong spatial variability in chloride deposition in coastal areas is one difficulty encountered in appropriately applying the method. A high-resolution bulk chloride deposition map in the coastal region is thus needed. The aim of this study is to construct a chloride deposition map in the Mount Lofty Ranges (MLR), a coastal hilly area of approximately 9000 km2 spatial extent in South Australia. We examined geographic (related to coastal distance), orographic, and atmospheric factors that may influence chloride deposition, using partial correlation and regression analyses. The results indicate that coastal distance, elevation, as well as terrain aspect and slope, appear to be significant factors controlling chloride deposition in the study area. Coastal distance accounts for 70% of spatial variability in bulk chloride deposition, with elevation, terrain aspect and slope an additional 15%. The results are incorporated into a de-trended residual kriging model (ASOADeK) to produce a 1 km×1 km resolution bulk chloride deposition and concentration maps. The average uncertainty of the deposition map is about 20–30% in the western MLR, and 40–50% in the eastern MLR. The maps will form a useful basis for examining catchment chloride balance for the CMB application in the study area.

scholarly journals Factors influencing chloride deposition in a coastal hilly area and application to chloride deposition mapping

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 5851-5880 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Guan ◽  
A. J. Love ◽  
C. T. Simmons ◽  
A. S. Kayaalp
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Hilly Area ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Atmospheric Factors ◽  
Chloride Deposition

Abstract. Chloride is commonly used as an environmental tracer for studying water flow and solute transport in the environment. It is especially useful for estimating groundwater recharge based on the commonly used chloride mass balance (CMB) method. Strong spatial variability in chloride deposition in coastal areas is one difficulty encountered in appropriately applying the CMB approach. Furthermore, intensive vegetation clearance for agriculture, for example during the European settlement in many coastal areas of Australia, may have perturbed catchment chloride balance conditions for appropriate use in CMB applications. In order to deal with these issues, a high resolution chloride deposition map in the coastal region is needed. In this study, we examined geographic, orographic, and atmospheric factors influencing chloride deposition in the Mount Lofty Ranges (MLR), a coastal hilly area of approximately 9000 km2 spatial extent in South Australia, using partial correlation and regression analyses. The results indicate that coastal distance, and terrain aspect and slope are two most significant factors controlling chloride deposition. Coastal distance accounts for 65% spatial variability in chloride deposition, with terrain aspect and slope for 8%. The deposition gradient is about 0.08 gm-2 year-1 km-1 as one progresses inland. The results are incorporated into a published de-trended residual kriging approach (ASOADeK) to produce a 1 km×1 km resolution annual chloride deposition map and a bulk precipitation chloride concentration map. The average uncertainty of the deposition map is about 30% in the western MLR, and over 50% in the eastern MLR. The maps will form a very useful basis for examining catchment chloride balances for use in the CMB application in the study area.

Seasonal cycles and their spatial variability

1993 ◽  
Vol 343 (1669) ◽  
pp. 383-403 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
German Bight ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Southern Bight ◽  
Run Off

Seasonal variations dominate many processes in continental shelf seas. A comprehensive coherent inter-disciplinary data set for one seasonal cycle was obtained by repeating the same cruise track in the southern North Sea at monthly intervals from August 1988 to October 1989. Measurements were made throughout the water column in vertically homogeneous and summer stratified regions and near the major estuaries. 97% of the surface temperature’s variance was in the seasonal cycle, driven by solar forcing; spatial variability was related to stratification and to contrasts between the waters off northeast England and the German Bight. The salinity seasonal cycle was small; spatial variability was governed by fresh water river inputs. Suspended sediment concentrations were largest near river mouths and coasts; material was transported eastward from East Anglia towards the German Bight in a distinct plume whose magnitude varied with seasonal wind patterns. There were large regional differences, with the greatest phytoplankton biomass and oxygen supersaturation developing in the Southern Bight and German Bight, those regions which experience extensive phytoplankton blooms in the spring. Annual primary productivity ranged from 79 gC m -2 a -1 for the English coastal region to 261 gC m -2 a -1 for the German Bight. Low oxygen concentrations were measured in late summer below the thermocline in regions on either side of the Dogger Bank. A budget of nutrient concentrations throughout the region suggests that nutrient supply to the phytoplankton in the winter is dominated by regeneration processes, rather than input from river run-off.

scholarly journals A Remote Sensing Survey of the Role of Landform on the Organization of Orographic Precipitation in Central and Southern Mexico

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1267-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Giovannettone ◽  
Ana P. Barros
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Average Rainfall

Abstract Data from NASA’s TRMM satellite and NOAA’s GOES satellites were used to survey the orographic organization of cloud precipitation in central and southern Mexico during the monsoon with two main objectives: 1) to investigate large-scale forcing versus local landform controls, and 2) to compare the results with previous work in the Himalayas. At large scales, the modes of spatial variability of cloudiness were estimated using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of GOES brightness temperatures. Terrain modulation of synoptic-scale high-frequency variability (3–5- and 6–9-day cycles normally associated with the propagation of easterly waves) was found to cause higher dispersion in the EOF spectrum, with the first mode explaining less than 30% of the spatial variability in central and southern Mexico as opposed to 50% and higher in the Himalayas. A detailed analysis of the first three EOFs for 1999, an average La Niña year with above average rainfall, and for 2001, a weak La Niña year with below average rainfall, shows that landform (mountain peaks and land–ocean contrast) and large-scale circulation (moisture convergence) alternate as the key controls of regional hydrometeorology in dry and wet years, or as active and break (midsummer drought) phases of the monsoon, respectively. The diurnal cycle is the dominant time scale of variability in 2001, as it is during the midsummer drought in all years. Strong variability at time scales beyond two weeks is only present during the active phases of the monsoon. At the river basin scale, the data show increased cloudiness over the mountain ranges during the afternoon, which moves over the low-lying regions at the foot of the major orographic barriers [the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO)/Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB)], specifically the Balsas and the Rio de Santiago basins at nighttime and in the early morning. At the ridge–valley scale (∼100–200 km), robust day–night (ridge–valley) asymmetries suggest strong local controls on cloud and precipitation, with convective activity along the coastal region of the SMO and topographically forced convection at the foothills of headwater ridges in the Altiplano and the SMS. These day–night spatial shifts in cloudiness and precipitation are similar to those found in the Himalayas at the same spatial scales.

Atmospheric factors governing winter thunderstorms in the coastal region of the eastern Mediterranean

2008 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ziv ◽  
H. Saaroni ◽  
Y. Yair ◽  
M. Ganot ◽  
A. Baharad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Atmospheric Factors

Canopy enhanced chloride deposition in coastal South Australia and its application for the chloride mass balance method

2013 ◽  
Vol 497 ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijuan Deng ◽  
Stacey C. Priestley ◽  
Huade Guan ◽  
Andrew J. Love ◽  
Craig T. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Chloride Mass Balance ◽  
Mass Balance Method ◽  
Chloride Deposition

Atmospheric chloride deposition in field concrete at coastal region

2018 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 1015-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Guangfeng Ou ◽  
Qiwen Qiu ◽  
Feng Xing ◽  
Kaifeng Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Region ◽  
Chloride Deposition

scholarly journals Geostatistical Approach for Groundwater Quality Evaluation in Zarin Abad Plain, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdollah Taheri Tizro ◽  
Mohamad Mohamadi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Kriging Model ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Geostatistical Approach

Background and Purpose: This study was undertaken, first, to investigate the hydrogeological setting of the study area and geophysical data, second to examine the general nature of the groundwater quality. In this regard, ordinary Kriging, Co-Kriging, and Inverse Weighted Distance (IWD) strategies were applied to develop spatial variability maps, and study the fluctuations in groundwater quality parameters in Zarin Abad plain, Zanjan Province, Iran in 2017-2018. Materials and methods: To inquire the groundwater quality parameters, samples were provided from 61 shallow and deeply drilled observed wells in Zarin Abad Goltapeh plain. The studies were carried out by using geostatistical methods to find out the most applicable method, which can be used to develop spatial variability maps in order to study the changes in groundwater quality parameters (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3-, Cl- and EC).  The local geophysical, geological, and hydrogeological surveys were precisely accomplished to specify the architecture of various subsurface geological horizons. In addition, a geophysical investigation with a Schlumberger configuration was performed in the study region for the purpose of field data generation. Results: Based on key results, the values of electrical conductivity (EC) were recorded within the range of 480 and 6580 μS/cm. The order of major cations and anions were Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+ and SO42->Cl->HCO3-, respectively. It is worthwhile mentioning that groundwater salinity was found to be dependent upon factors, such as water long residence time and minerals dissolution. Conclusion: To assess the spatial distribution in groundwater parameters, the variable mode was used. The results obtained from Kriging, Co-Kriging, and IDW methods were then evaluated by the error indices of RMSE and MAE. Co-Kriging Model was the most optimal approach in studying the spatial variation of groundwater quality parameters.

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