scholarly journals Attribution of high resolution streamflow trends in Western Austria – an approach based on climate and discharge station data

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1225-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kormann ◽  
T. Francke ◽  
M. Renner ◽  
A. Bronstert
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Streamflow Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Streamflow Trend ◽  
Streamflow Trends

Abstract. The results of streamflow trend studies are often characterized by mostly insignificant trends and inexplicable spatial patterns. In our study region, Western Austria, this applies especially for trends of annually averaged runoff. However, analysing the altitudinal aspect, we found that there is a trend gradient from higher-altitude to lower-altitude stations, i.e. a pattern of mostly positive annual trends at higher stations and negative ones at lower stations. At mid-altitudes, the trends are mostly insignificant. Here we hypothesize that the streamflow trends are caused by the following two main processes: on the one hand, melting glaciers produce excess runoff at higher-altitude watersheds. On the other hand, rising temperatures potentially alter hydrological conditions in terms of less snowfall, higher infiltration, enhanced evapotranspiration, etc., which in turn results in decreasing streamflow trends at lower-altitude watersheds. However, these patterns are masked at mid-altitudes because the resulting positive and negative trends balance each other. To support these hypotheses, we attempted to attribute the detected trends to specific causes. For this purpose, we analysed trends of filtered daily streamflow data, as the causes for these changes might be restricted to a smaller temporal scale than the annual one. This allowed for the explicit determination of the exact days of year (DOYs) when certain streamflow trends emerge, which were then linked with the corresponding DOYs of the trends and characteristic dates of other observed variables, e.g. the average DOY when temperature crosses the freezing point in spring. Based on these analyses, an empirical statistical model was derived that was able to simulate daily streamflow trends sufficiently well. Analyses of subdaily streamflow changes provided additional insights. Finally, the present study supports many modelling approaches in the literature which found out that the main drivers of alpine streamflow changes are increased glacial melt, earlier snowmelt and lower snow accumulation in wintertime.

scholarly journals Attribution of high resolution streamflow trends in Western Austria – an approach based on climate and discharge station data

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 6881-6922 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kormann ◽  
T. Francke ◽  
M. Renner ◽  
A. Bronstert
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
The One ◽  
Streamflow Trends

Abstract. The results of streamflow trend studies are often characterised by mostly insignificant trends and inexplicable spatial patterns. In our study region, Western Austria, this applies especially for trends of annually averaged runoff. However, analysing the altitudinal aspect, we found that there is a trend gradient from high-altitude to low-altitude stations, i.e. a pattern of mostly positive annual trends at higher stations and negative ones at lower stations. At mid-altitudes, the trends are mostly insignificant. These trends were most probably caused by the following two main processes: on the one hand, melting glaciers produce excess runoff at high-altitude watersheds. On the other hand, rising temperatures potentially alter hydrological conditions in terms of less snowfall, higher infiltration, enhanced evapotranspiration etc., which in turn results in decreasing streamflow trends at low-altitude watersheds. However, these patterns are masked at mid-altitudes because the resulting positive and negative trends balance each other. To verify these theories, we attributed the detected trends to specific causes. For this purpose, we analysed the trends on a daily basis, as the causes for these changes might be restricted to a smaller temporal scale than the annual one. This allowed for the explicit determination of the exact days of year (DOY) when certain streamflow trends emerge, which were then linked with the corresponding DOYs of the trends and characteristic dates of other observed variables, e.g. the average DOY when temperature crosses the freezing point in spring. Based on these analyses, an empirical statistical model was derived that was able to simulate daily streamflow trends sufficiently well. Analyses of subdaily streamflow changes provided additional insights. Finally, it was confirmed that the main drivers of alpine streamflow changes are increased glacial melt and earlier snow melt. However, further research is needed to explicitly determine which processes related to positive temperature trends lead to the summertime streamflow decreases.

scholarly journals V. Gold-aluminium alloys

1900 ◽  
Vol 194 (252-261) ◽  
pp. 201-232 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Rapid Analysis ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

This paper is a study of the binary alloys composed of gold and aluminium. The fact that metals in many cases form definite chemical compounds with each other, is becoming increasingly evident as attention is given to the subject. But there are many pairs of metals whose freezing point-curve affords no indication of chemical combination, and which probably do not combine with each other under the conditions of our experiments. It is therefore desirable, in seeking for such compounds, to select a pair of metals which are known to have a peculiar relation to each other. We chose gold and aluminium for several reasons. First, on account of the beautiful purple compound of Sir W. Roberts-Austen, and on account of our own experiments (‘Journal Chemical Society/ vol. 74, 1894), which showed it to be a very stable body in solution. There was also the important point that the alloys of gold and aluminium admit of fairly rapid analysis by the determination of the gold. In the present paper the freezing point method is combined with a microscopic study of the alloys, and we hope that it will be found that the interpretation of the results is more conclusive than in previous papers of our own and of others in which only the one method or the other was employed.

Two-Stage Procedure for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin III Concentration and Some Applications

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 198-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S Reno ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
The One ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryA two-stage assay procedure was developed for the determination of the autoprothrombin C titre which can be developed from prothrombin or autoprothrombin III containing solutions. The proenzyme is activated by Russell’s viper venom and the autoprothrombin C activity that appears is measured by its ability to shorten the partial thromboplastin time of bovine plasma.Using the assay, the autoprothrombin C titre was determined in the plasma of several species, as well as the percentage of it remaining in the serum from blood clotted in glass test tubes. Much autoprothrombin III remains in human serum. With sufficient thromboplastin it was completely utilized. Plasma from selected patients with coagulation disorders was assayed and only Stuart plasma was abnormal. In so-called factor VII, IX, and P.T.A. deficiency the autoprothrombin C titre and thrombin titre that could be developed was normal. In one case (prethrombin irregularity) practically no thrombin titre developed but the amount of autoprothrombin C which generated was in the normal range.Dogs were treated with Dicumarol and the autoprothrombin C titre that could be developed from their plasmas decreased until only traces could be detected. This coincided with a lowering of the thrombin titre that could be developed and a prolongation of the one-stage prothrombin time. While the Dicumarol was acting, the dogs were given an infusion of purified bovine prothrombin and the levels of autoprothrombin C, thrombin and one-stage prothrombin time were followed for several hours. The tests became normal immediately after the infusion and then went back to preinfusion levels over a period of 24 hrs.In other dogs the effect of Dicumarol was reversed by giving vitamin K1 intravenously. The effect of the vitamin was noticed as early as 20 min after administration.In response to vitamin K the most pronounced increase was with that portion of the prothrombin molecule which yields thrombin. The proportion of that protein with respect to the precursor of autoprothrombin C increased during the first hour and then started to go down and after 3 hrs was equal to the proportion normally found in plasma.

SIMPLIFIED DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Asfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
The One ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

ABSTRACT This is an investigation of the practical clinical value of the one mg dexamethasone suppression test of Nugent et al. (1963). The results, evaluated from the decrease in fluorimetrically determined plasma corticosteroids in normal subjects, as well as in cases of exogenous obesity, hirsutism and in Cushing's syndrome, confirm the findings reported in previous studies. Plasma corticosteroid reduction after one mg of dexamethasone in cases of stable diabetes was not significantly different from that observed in control subjects, but in one third of the insulin-treated diabetics only a partial response was observed, indicating a slight hypercorticism in these patients. An insufficient decrease in plasma corticosteroids was observed in certain other conditions (anorexia nervosa, pituitary adenoma, patients receiving contraceptive or anticonvulsive treatment) with no hypercorticism. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that the test, together with a determination of the basal urinary 17-ketogenic steroid excretion, is suitable as the first diagnostic test in patients in whom Cushing's syndrome is suspected. In cases of insufficient suppression of plasma corticosteroids, further studies, including the suppression test of Liddle (1960), must be carried out.

A Validated 2D-LC-UV Method for Simultaneous Determination of Imatinib and N-demethylimatinib in Plasma and Its Clinical Application for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring with GIST Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houli Li ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Xiaoliang Cheng ◽  
Qiaowei Zheng ◽  
Kai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Column Temperature ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
The One ◽  
Middle Column

Background: The trough concentration (Cmin) of Imatinib (IM) is closely related to the treatment outcomes and adverse reactions of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). However, the drug plasma level has great interand intra-individual variability, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is highly recommended. Objective: To develop a novel, simple, and economical two-dimensional liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detector (2D-LC-UV) for simultaneous determination of IM and its major active metabolite, N-demethyl imatinib (NDIM) in human plasma, and then apply the method for TDM of the drug. Method: Sample was processed by simple protein precipitation. Two target analytes were separated on the one-dimension column, captured on the middle column, and then transferred to the two-dimension column for further analysis. The detection was performed at 264 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 40˚C and the injection volume was 500 μL. Totally 32 plasma samples were obtained from patients with GIST who were receiving IM. Method: Sample was processed by simple protein precipitation. Two target analytes were separated on the one-dimension column, captured on the middle column, and then transferred to the two-dimension column for further analysis. The detection was performed at 264 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 40˚C and the injection volume was 500 μL. Totally 32 plasma samples were obtained from patients with GIST who were receiving IM. Conclusion: The novel 2D-LC-UV method is simple, stable, highly automated and independent of specialized technicians, which greatly increases the real-time capability of routine TDM for IM in hospital.

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