scholarly journals Predicting regional recovery from acidification; the MAGIC model applied to Scotland, England and Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Evans ◽  
A. Jenkins ◽  
R. C. Helliwell ◽  
R. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Surface Water Chemistry ◽  
Surface Water Acidification ◽  
Magic Model ◽  
Recovery From Acidification ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. A dynamic, process-based model of surface water acidification, MAGIC, has been applied to over a thousand sites across the UK. The model is calibrated to surface water samples collected during a survey for the Critical Loads programme, and utilises the best available and consistent estimates of soil physical and chemical properties, rainfall and runoff volumes, and deposition chemistry. A total of 698 sites were calibrated successfully. At these sites, surface water chemistry was reconstructed from 1850 to the present day, and forecast to 2050 based on future decreases in sulphur (S) deposition in response to the Second S Protocol. Model outputs capture distinct regional patterns of acidification and recovery. the most acidic present-day conditions are found in acid-sensitive regions of Northern England (the Pennines, Lake District and North York Moors). Although a significant proportion of sites in these areas failed to calibrate, those that did are predicted to have experienced severe historic decreases in acidic neutralising capacity (ANC) in response to high levels of acidic deposition. The model also indicates significant acidification in the moderate deposition areas of Wales and Galloway, whereas in the low deposition region of northern Scotland, acidification has been minor even in areas of acid-sensitive geology. ANC is forecast to recover at virtually all sites, with the greatest recovery predicted for areas currently subject to high deposition. The model indicates that the Second S Protocol, however, will not be sufficient to produce full recovery, with average ANC increases to 2050 counteracting just 27% of the simulated decline from 1850 to present day. Acidic conditions (ANC < 0) are predicted to persist until 2050 at a significant number of sites in Northern England, Wales and Galloway.

scholarly journals Modelling the recovery of surface water chemistry and the ecological implications in the British uplands

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Helliwell ◽  
A. Jenkins ◽  
R. C. Ferrier ◽  
B. J. Cosby
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Surface Water Chemistry ◽  
Close Match ◽  
Acid Neutralising Capacity ◽  
Magic Model ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gothenburg Protocol

Abstract. Abstract: The MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwaters in Catchments) model has been calibrated to three acid sensitive regions in the UK: Galloway, the South Pennines and Wales. These calibrations use the best available data for surface water, soil and deposition, from several UK data bases and regional sampling programmes. The model is capable of reproducing observed base cation and acid anion concentrations as reflected by a close match between observed and simulated acid neutralising capacity (ANC). Predictions to 2016 under currently agreed emission reductions, the Gothenburg Protocol, show that ANC greater than zero will be achieved at 100%, 86% and 100% of sites in Galloway, the Pennines and Wales, respectively. This indicates the potential for biological recovery and a return to ‘good status’ although chemical conditions remain some way from simulated pre-acidification conditions. In the longer term, beyond 2036 (20 years after compliance with the Gothenburg protocol), the model indicates that increased N leakage to surface waters may cause deterioration in the chemical status. Keywords: recovery, acidification, modelling, upland UK, ecology

scholarly journals An Assessment of the potential impact of the Gothenburg Protocol on surface water chemistry using the dynamic MAGIC model at acid sensitive sites in the UK

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jenkins ◽  
J. M. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Nitrogen Leaching ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Surface Water Chemistry ◽  
Acid Neutralising Capacity ◽  
Magic Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gothenburg Protocol

Abstract. The MAGIC model has been systematically calibrated to 12 sites in the UK, which form part of the UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network, using best available data. The model successfully simulates observed changes in major ions and acid neutralising capacity over the period 1988 to 2000. Predictions for the future are made assuming no further emission reductions from present day (constant deposition at current level) compared to reduced sulphur and nitrogen emission agreed under the Gothenburg Protocol (reduced sulphur dioxide emission by c.80%, nitrogen oxides by c.45% and ammonia by 20% by 2010). In addition, uncertainty in our understanding of future nitrogen dynamics is assessed using "best" and "worst" cases of nitrogen leaching in the model. The results clearly indicate the need to achieve further emission reductions in sulphur and nitrogen beyond present day levels to prevent continued surface water acidification. The predictions further indicate that if the emission reductions agreed under the Gothenburg Protocol are achieved by 2010 this will promote a recovery in acid neutralising capacity by 2020 at all sites. Differences between "best" and "worst" case nitrate leaching are relatively small, emphasising the need to achieve the sulphur reductions in the shorter term. In the longer term, beyond 2020, increased nitrogen leaching under the "worst case" leading to further acidification is likely indicating a need for further reduction of nitrogen emissions. Keywords: acidification, recovery, model, Gothenburg Protocol, nitrogen

scholarly journals Surface and Groundwater Interactions: Cikapundung Bandung, Kanal Banjir Timur Semarang and Cisadane Tangerang

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasapta Erwin Irawan ◽  
Endah Sulistyawati ◽  
Alecia Artita Midori ◽  
Budi Faisal ◽  
Achmad Darul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Flow Mapping ◽  
Chemical Modeling ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Water Level Measurements ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This preprint is submitted to the JCC Universitas Negeri Semarang 2017---In most Asia countries, the riverbank area are mostly inhabited by the low-income population, due to the shortage of formal housing. Most of the settlement areas are not equipped with proper sanitation system. Hence, the water quality gets lower overtime with the increasing number of inhabitants around the riverbank. This gets worse with the close hydrological connection between surface water and the shallow groundwater. We compare the state of water quality based on our three case studies: Cikapundung Bandung, Kanal Banjir Timur Semarang, and Cisadane Tangerang. In each location, we gathered the following data: water level measurements, water flow mapping, and water quality samples. Then we make maps to evaluate existing status. The comparison will be done based on the physical and chemical properties that we get from the field. On all locations, we find a very close interactions between surface water and groundwater. The hydrological connections are different in direction from upstream to downstream: gaining stream, combined stream or perched stream, and losing stream. However different river gradient gives a slightly different length of hydrological zonations. All samples show a high bicarbonate from rain water, the dissolution of carbonate minerals from the rocks and soils, and also organic species from microbial activities, which induced by domestic wastes. However we need to make a carbonate balance calculation to breakdown the components. All samples also have high nitrate and nitrite concentration which come from domestic waste along the river and fertilizer from the rice fields upstream (only in Cikapundung river). For further research, we suggest chemical modeling to break up the contamination components and possible sources.

scholarly journals Continuous cover forestry: possible implications for surface water acidification in the UK uplands

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Surface Water Acidification ◽  
Continuous Cover Forestry ◽  
Forestry Commission ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The effects of widespread conifer afforestation on the acidity of lakes and streams in the acid sensitive uplands of the UK has been researched extensively and has contributed to the development and implementation of national forest management guidelines (e.g. Forest and Water Guidelines; Forestry Commission, 1993). However, a recent policy document (Woodlands for Wales; National Assembly for Wales, 2000) has proposed a major shift in the management of 50% of the Forestry Commission estate in Wales from the current system of patch clearfelling to Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF). This scale of change is without precedent in the UK; no studies in the UK forest environment have examined the likely environmental impacts of CCF. However, the wealth of environmental data from studies of UK forests managed by patch clearfelling enables an assessment of the impact of a change to CCF on three issues of particular relevance to surface water acidification in the uplands; forest harvesting, soil base cation depletion and atmospheric pollutant deposition. Whilst there is uncertainty as to how even-aged stands will be transformed to CCF in the UK, guiding principles for CCF on acidic and acid sensitive sites should focus on those aspects of management which minimise nitrate leaching, encourage base cation retention within the soil-plant system and enhance base cation inputs from external (atmospheric) and internal sources (weathering). CCF may provide opportunities to achieve this by reducing the scale of clearfelling, increasing species diversity, changing the structure of plantation forests and maintaining uninterrupted woodland cover. Keywords: acidification, forestry, continuous cover forestry, clearfelling

Modelling long-term acidification: a comparison with diatom reconstructions and the implications for reversibility

1990 ◽  
Vol 327 (1240) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Surface Water Acidification ◽  
Magic Model

A model of long term acidification (magic) is applied to a range of catchments in Scotland that are subject to different pollution inputs and land uses. The simulated historical trends in pH are compared with data from palaeolimnological reconstructions undertaken at the same sites. Both techniques produce similar historical acidification trends and, with some exceptions, closely match observed present day pH. The magic model results indicate that pollution inputs and land-use, particularly afforestation, have significant effects on surface water acidification. Moreover, the model indicates that reversibility may be occurring at several sites. Reversibility of acidification is further explored by using the model in predictive mode under several scenarios for reduction deposition.

Water quality changes in a small plain agricultural catchment area

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sima Belic ◽  
Andjelka V. Belic
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Nonpoint Pollution ◽  
The North ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Anthropogenic activities in a catchment area influence in a most direct way the surface water quality. Detailed studies of the factors of all production processes in the catchment enable establishing the degree of their possible individual participation in the pollution of that region, which is the first step in finding out the way of its appropriate protection. Such a study we carried out on the example of the Krivaja catchment area (the river Krivaja and the reservoir Zobnatica), in the north of Yugoslavia during the 1980–1992 period. The analysis encompassed natural characteristics of the soil and production activities in the region, which is characterized by numerous point and nonpoint pollution sources. Surface water quality was assessed on the basis of their physical and chemical properties. Besides, inorganic forms of nutrients, first of all nitrogen, were also analyzed. The results indicate deterioration of surface water quality in the catchment during the investigated period. In view of the fact that the state of point pollution sources did not change during the investigation, it is quite clear that nonpoint pollution, having mainly the origin in agricultural production, were the main cause of deterioration of surface water quality.

Surface water acidification in the UK; current status, recent trends and future predictions

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jenkins ◽  
G. Campbell ◽  
M. Renshaw ◽  
D. Boorman ◽  
J. Stedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Surface Water Acidification ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Modelling nitrogen dynamics at Lochnagar, N.E. Scotland.

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jenkins ◽  
R. C. Ferrier ◽  
R. C. Helliwell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Nitrogen Saturation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Surface Water Chemistry ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Magic Model ◽  
Gothenburg Protocol

Abstract. Controls on nitrate leaching from upland moorland catchments are not yet fully understood and yet, despite agreements on emission reductions, increased surface water nitrate concentrations may affect significantly the acidity status of these waters in the future. At Lochnagar, an upland moorland catchment in N.E. Scotland, 12 years of surface water chemistry observations have identified a steady increase in nitrate concentration despite no measured change in inorganic nitrogen deposition. The MAGIC model has been applied to simulate a "best case" situation assuming nitrate in surface water represents "hydrological" contributions (direct run-off) and a ‘worst case’ assuming a nitrogen saturation mechanism in the catchment soil. Only the ‘saturation’ model is capable of matching the 12 years of observation for nitrate but both model structures match the pH and acid neutralising capacity record. Future predictions to 2040, in response to the agreed emission reductions under the Gothenburg Protocol, are markedly different. The worst case predicts continued surface water acidification whilst the best case predicts a steady recovery. Keywords: nitrogen saturation, modelling, Lochnagar, Gothenburg Protocol

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

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