scholarly journals Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for landslide forecasting in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Brunetti ◽  
Massimo Melillo ◽  
Stefano Luigi Gariano ◽  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Luca Brocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Landslide Forecasting ◽  
Satellite Rainfall ◽  
Global Precipitation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Landslides are among the most dangerous natural hazards, particularly in developing countries where ground observations for operative early warning systems are lacking. In these areas, remote sensing can represent an important tool to forecast landslide occurrence in space and time, particularly satellite rainfall products that have improved in terms of accuracy and resolution in recent times. Surprisingly, only a few studies have investigated the capability and effectiveness of these products in landslide forecasting, to reduce the impact of this hazard on the population. We have performed a comparative study of ground- and satellite-based rainfall products for landslide forecasting in India by using empirical rainfall thresholds derived from the analysis of historical landslide events. Specifically, we have tested Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and SM2RAIN-ASCAT satellite rainfall products, and their merging, at daily and hourly temporal resolution, and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) daily rain gauge observations. A catalogue of 197 rainfall-induced landslides occurred throughout India in the 13-year period between April 2007 and October 2019 has been used. Results indicate that satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations thanks to their better spatial (10 km vs 25 km) and temporal (hourly vs daily) resolution. The better performance is obtained through the merged GPM and SM2RAIN-ASCAT products, even though improvements in reproducing the daily rainfall (e.g., overestimation of the number of rainy days) are likely needed. These findings open a new avenue for using such satellite products in landslide early warning systems, particularly in poorly gauged areas.

scholarly journals Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for landslide prediction in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 3267-3279
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Brunetti ◽  
Massimo Melillo ◽  
Stefano Luigi Gariano ◽  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Luca Brocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Landslide Prediction ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Satellite Rainfall ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Landslides are among the most dangerous natural hazards, particularly in developing countries, where ground observations for operative early warning systems are lacking. In these areas, remote sensing can represent an important detection and monitoring process to predict landslide occurrence in space and time, particularly satellite rainfall products that have improved in terms of accuracy and resolution in recent times. Surprisingly, only a few studies have investigated the capability and effectiveness of these products in landslide prediction in reducing the impact of this hazard on the population. We have performed a comparative study of ground- and satellite-based rainfall products for landslide prediction in India by using empirical rainfall thresholds derived from the analysis of historical landslide events. Specifically, we have tested Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and SM2RAIN-ASCAT satellite rainfall products, and their merging, at daily and hourly temporal resolution, and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) daily rain gauge observations. A catalogue of 197 rainfall-induced landslides that occurred throughout India in the 13-year period between April 2007 and October 2019 has been used. Results indicate that satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations thanks to their better spatial (0.1∘ vs. 0.25∘) and temporal (hourly vs. daily) resolutions. The better performance is obtained through the merged GPM and SM2RAIN-ASCAT products, even though improvements in reproducing the daily rainfall (e.g. overestimation of the number of rainy days) are likely needed. These findings open a new avenue for using such satellite products in landslide early warning systems, particularly in poorly gauged areas.

scholarly journals Regional rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using a centenary database

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Vaz ◽  
José Luís Zêzere ◽  
Susana Pereira ◽  
Sérgio C. Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo A. C. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
Landslide Early Warning ◽  
Regional Rainfall

Abstract. This work proposes a comprehensive methodology to assess rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation, using a centenary landslide database associated with a single centenary daily rainfall dataset. The methodology is applied to the Lisbon region and include the rainfall return period analysis that was used to identify the critical rainfall combination (quantity-duration) related to each landslide event. The spatial representativeness of the reference rain gauge is evaluated and the rainfall thresholds is assessed and validated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) metrics. Results show that landslide events located up to 10 km from the rain gauge can be used to calculate the rainfall thresholds in the study area; however, such thresholds may be used with acceptable confidence up to 50 km distance from the rain gauge. The obtained rainfall thresholds using linear and potential regression have a good performance in ROC metrics. However, the intermediate thresholds based on the probability of landslide events, established in the zone between the lower limit threshold and the upper limit threshold are much more informative as they indicate the probability of landslide event occurrence given rainfall exceeding the threshold. This information can be easily included in landslide early warning systems, especially when combined with the probability of rainfall above each threshold.

scholarly journals Regional rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using a centenary database

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Vaz ◽  
José Luís Zêzere ◽  
Susana Pereira ◽  
Sérgio Cruz Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo A. C. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Comprehensive Method ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
Landslide Early Warning

Abstract. This work proposes a comprehensive method to assess rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation using a centenary landslide database associated with a single centenary daily rainfall data set. The method is applied to the Lisbon region and includes the rainfall return period analysis that was used to identify the critical rainfall combination (cumulated rainfall duration) related to each landslide event. The spatial representativeness of the reference rain gauge is evaluated and the rainfall thresholds are assessed and calibrated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) metrics. Results show that landslide events located up to 10 km from the rain gauge can be used to calculate the rainfall thresholds in the study area; however, these thresholds may be used with acceptable confidence up to 50 km from the rain gauge. The rainfall thresholds obtained using linear and potential regression perform well in ROC metrics. However, the intermediate thresholds based on the probability of landslide events established in the zone between the lower-limit threshold and the upper-limit threshold are much more informative as they indicate the probability of landslide event occurrence given rainfall exceeding the threshold. This information can be easily included in landslide early warning systems, especially when combined with the probability of rainfall above each threshold.

scholarly journals Rainfall Threshold Estimation and Landslide Forecasting for Kalimpong, India Using SIGMA Model

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minu Treesa Abraham ◽  
Neelima Satyam ◽  
Sai Kushal ◽  
Ascanio Rosi ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Sigma Model ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Rainfall Threshold ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Rainfall Forecasting ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds

Rainfall-induced landslides are among the most devastating natural disasters in hilly terrains and the reduction of the related risk has become paramount for public authorities. Between the several possible approaches, one of the most used is the development of early warning systems, so as the population can be rapidly warned, and the loss related to landslide can be reduced. Early warning systems which can forecast such disasters must hence be developed for zones which are susceptible to landslides, and have to be based on reliable scientific bases such as the SIGMA (sistema integrato gestione monitoraggio allerta—integrated system for management, monitoring and alerting) model, which is used in the regional landslide warning system developed for Emilia Romagna in Italy. The model uses statistical distribution of cumulative rainfall values as input and rainfall thresholds are defined as multiples of standard deviation. In this paper, the SIGMA model has been applied to the Kalimpong town in the Darjeeling Himalayas, which is among the regions most affected by landslides. The objectives of the study is twofold: (i) the definition of local rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrences in the Kalimpong region; (ii) testing the applicability of the SIGMA model in a physical setting completely different from one of the areas where it was first conceived and developed. To achieve these purposes, a calibration dataset of daily rainfall and landslides from 2010 to 2015 has been used; the results have then been validated using 2016 and 2017 data, which represent an independent dataset from the calibration one. The validation showed that the model correctly predicted all the reported landslide events in the region. Statistically, the SIGMA model for Kalimpong town is found to have 92% efficiency with a likelihood ratio of 11.28. This performance was deemed satisfactory, thus SIGMA can be integrated with rainfall forecasting and can be used to develop a landslide early warning system.

scholarly journals ‘Death is not the answer’: the challenge of measuring the impact of early warning systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Chapman ◽  
Jo Wray ◽  
Kate Oulton ◽  
Mark J Peters
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
The Impact

Risk-based modeling of early warning systems for pollution accidents

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Grayman ◽  
R.M. Males
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Contamination Event ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
The Impact

An early warning system is a mechanism for detecting, characterizing and providing notification of a source water contamination event (spill event) in order to mitigate the impact of contamination. Spill events are highly probabilistic occurrences with major spills, which can have very significant impacts on raw water sources of drinking water, being relatively rare. A systematic method for designing and operating early warning systems that considers the highly variable, probabilistic nature of many aspects of the system is described. The methodology accounts for the probability of spills, behavior of monitoring equipment, variable hydrology, and the probability of obtaining information about spills independent of a monitoring system. Spill Risk, a risk-based model using Monte Carlo simulation techniques has been developed and its utility has been demonstrated as part of an AWWA Research Foundation sponsored project. The model has been applied to several hypothetical river situations and to an actual section of the Ohio River. Additionally, the model has been systematically applied to a wide range of conditions in order to develop general guidance on design of early warning systems.

scholarly journals Utilization of Mosque as A Part of Early Warning Systems to Reduce Flood Damage in Samarinda City, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyan Benny Sukmara ◽  
Ray Shyan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Housing Demand ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
The Impact

Samarinda City is one of the most attractive cities in Borneo Island (Indonesia) and also as a capital city of EastBorneo Province. The expansion of urban areas becomes essential due to rapid population and housing demand. Base on the statistical report, the annual population growth rate is 0.018% from the year 2016-2017 with a total population of 843446 inhabitants. Many natural disasters occur in some areas in this city, especially flooding. This natural disaster occurs almost every year, many people suffered and forced to evacuate. In 2018 there is 3 flood event with 28311 people was suffered and evacuated, and 5170 houses were flooded [1]. During the flood event, it was very possible to gain damages to their property and make traffic stuck. One common way to reducing the damages is using Early Warning Systems (EWS). Early warning is a major element for disaster risk reduction, including damages. To prevent and mitigate the impact of a disaster, many countries had taken action to build various methods of a public warning system. An effective early warning system focused on people-centered and comprises the following element, such as risk knowledge, technical monitoring and service, communication and dissemination of warnings, and community response capability [2]. Related to the existing condition which Samarinda is a Muslim-dominated city and obviously has a lot of a number of mosques. This is a good potency to develop an early warning system because every mosque has a loudspeaker for echoing Adzan (Muslim prayer-calling). With this existing condition, the loudspeaker can be utilized as a flood outdoor-voice warning announcer. The aim of this study is to briefly introduce the strategy of dissemination early warning by utilizing mosques. The hope of early warning dissemination is giving enough time to the people to evacuate their property to reduce damages and possibly to giving information to avoiding traffic stuck (in a certain location)due to flooding. The results of this study can be used as input for decision-makers to develop effective flood management strategies and policies, especially in the case of an early warning system where not well-developed in Samarinda.

Recent Advances in Early Warning Systems for Landslide Forecasting

2021 ◽  
pp. 249-260
Author(s):  
Ram Wanare ◽  
Kannan K. R. Iyer ◽  
Prathyusha Jayanthi
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Landslide Forecasting

scholarly journals Quantitative comparison between two different methodologies to define rainfall thresholds for landslide forecasting

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2413-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lagomarsino ◽  
S. Segoni ◽  
A. Rosi ◽  
G. Rossi ◽  
A. Battistini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Threshold Models ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Landslide Forecasting ◽  
Validation Procedure

Abstract. This work proposes a methodology to compare the forecasting effectiveness of different rainfall threshold models for landslide forecasting. We tested our methodology with two state-of-the-art models, one using intensity–duration thresholds and the other based on cumulative rainfall thresholds. The first model identifies rainfall intensity–duration thresholds by means of a software program called MaCumBA (MAssive CUMulative Brisk Analyzer) (Segoni et al., 2014a) that analyzes rain gauge records, extracts intensity (I) and duration (D) of the rainstorms associated with the initiation of landslides, plots these values on a diagram and identifies the thresholds that define the lower bounds of the I–D values. A back analysis using data from past events is used to identify the threshold conditions associated with the least number of false alarms. The second model (SIGMA) (Sistema Integrato Gestione Monitoraggio Allerta) (Martelloni et al., 2012) is based on the hypothesis that anomalous or extreme values of accumulated rainfall are responsible for landslide triggering: the statistical distribution of the rainfall series is analyzed, and multiples of the standard deviation (σ) are used as thresholds to discriminate between ordinary and extraordinary rainfall events. The name of the model, SIGMA, reflects the central role of the standard deviations. To perform a quantitative and objective comparison, these two models were applied in two different areas, each time performing a site-specific calibration against available rainfall and landslide data. For each application, a validation procedure was carried out on an independent data set and a confusion matrix was built. The results of the confusion matrixes were combined to define a series of indexes commonly used to evaluate model performances in natural hazard assessment. The comparison of these indexes allowed to identify the most effective model in each case study and, consequently, which threshold should be used in the local early warning system in order to obtain the best possible risk management. In our application, none of the two models prevailed absolutely over the other, since each model performed better in a test site and worse in the other one, depending on the characteristics of the area. We conclude that, even if state-of-the-art threshold models can be exported from a test site to another, their employment in local early warning systems should be carefully evaluated: the effectiveness of a threshold model depends on the test site characteristics (including the quality and quantity of the input data), and a validation procedure and a comparison with alternative models should be performed before its implementation in operational early warning systems.

scholarly journals Integration of Satellite Soil Moisture and Rainfall Observations over the Italian Territory

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1341-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Luca Brocca ◽  
Christian Massari ◽  
Tommaso Moramarco ◽  
Silvia Puca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Real Time ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Landslide Early Warning ◽  
Satellite Rainfall ◽  
Italian Territory

Abstract State-of-the-art rainfall products obtained by satellites are often the only way of measuring rainfall in remote areas of the world. However, it is well known that they may fail in properly reproducing the amount of precipitation reaching the ground, which is of paramount importance for hydrological applications. To address this issue, an integration between satellite rainfall and soil moisture SM products is proposed here by using an algorithm, SM2RAIN, which estimates rainfall from SM observations. A nudging scheme is used for integrating SM-derived and state-of-the-art rainfall products. Two satellite rainfall products are considered: H05 provided by EUMESAT and the real-time (3B42-RT) TMPA product provided by NASA. The rainfall dataset obtained through SM2RAIN, SM2RASC, considers SM retrievals from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). The rainfall datasets are compared with quality-checked daily rainfall observations throughout the Italian territory in the period 2010–13. In the validation period 2012–13, the integrated products show improved performances in terms of correlation with an increase in median values, for 5-day rainfall accumulations, of 26% (18%) when SM2RASC is integrated with the H05 (3B42-RT) product. Also, the median root-mean-square error of the integrated products is reduced by 18% and 17% with respect to H05 and 3B42-RT, respectively. The integration of the products is found to improve the threat score for medium–high rainfall accumulations. Since SM2RASC, H05, and 3B42-RT datasets are provided in near–real time, their integration might provide more reliable rainfall products for operational applications, for example, for flood and landslide early warning systems.

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