scholarly journals SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CLOUD HEIGHT AND CLOUD THICKNESS OVER CHINA AND THE ADJACENT AREAS BASED ON CALIOP

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W9 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
X. Feng ◽  
H. K. Cai ◽  
B. W. Wang ◽  
X. M. Li ◽  
L. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Cloud Height ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cloud Thickness ◽  
The Western Pacific

Abstract. Based on CALIOP data, spatial and temporal distribution of cloud height and thickness over China as well as the adjacent areas have been analysed in this paper. The results show significant regional differences. The heights of clouds that lie to the south of 27.6°N are greater than those to the north of 27.6°N. The highest and thickest clouds are located above the Bay of Bengal and the Western Pacific, while the lowest values distribute in the northwest of the Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin. The clouds ranging from 0.3 km to 0.6 km thickness account for a large proportion of total clouds. And the probability of occurrence of clouds decreases as cloud thickness increases. Overall, within the area under study, the thick clouds are higher than the thin clouds. Besides, low and thin clouds occur more frequently than high and thick clouds. As for their seasonal variation, the height of clouds peaks in summer. In addition, the mean of cloud thickness to the south of 27.6°N is 2.4 km thicker in summer than in any other season.

scholarly journals A tale of two parts of Switzerland: regional differences in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parents

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Seiler ◽  
Georg Staubli ◽  
Julia Hoeffe ◽  
Gianluca Gualco ◽  
Sergio Manzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
The South ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Strategies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background We aimed to document the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on regions within a European country. Methods Parents arriving at two pediatric emergency departments (EDs) in North of Switzerland and two in South of Switzerland completed an online survey during the first peak of the pandemic (April–June 2020). They were asked to rate their concern about their children or themselves having COVID-19. Results A total of 662 respondents completed the survey. Parents in the South were significantly more exposed to someone tested positive for COVID-19 than in the North (13.9 and 4.7%, respectively; P <  0.001). Parents in the South were much more concerned than in the North that they (mean 4.61 and 3.32, respectively; P <  0.001) or their child (mean 4.79 and 3.17, respectively; P <  0.001) had COVID-19. Parents reported their children wore facemasks significantly more often in the South than in the North (71.5 and 23.5%, respectively; P <  0.001). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant regional differences among families arriving at EDs in Switzerland. Public health agencies should consider regional strategies, rather than country-wide guidelines, in future pandemics and for vaccination against COVID-19 for children.

Spatiotemporal Spread of Potato virus S and Potato virus X in Seed Potato in Tasmania, Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Lambert ◽  
Frank S. Hay ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge ◽  
Calum R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Potato ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Potato Virus S ◽  
The Mean

The spatial and temporal distribution of Potato virus S (PVS) and Potato virus X (PVX) was studied in two trials within each of four commercial fields of seed potato var. Russet Burbank in Tasmania, Australia. In the first trial (plots) 20 leaflets were collected from each of 49 plots (each approximately 8 m wide by 10 m long), with plots arranged in a 7-×-7 lattice. In the second trial (transects), leaflets were collected at 1-m intervals along seven adjacent, 50-m long rows. The mean incidence of PVS increased during the season by 5.2% in one of four plot trials and 25.5% in one of four transect trials. The mean incidence of PVX increased during the season by 10.1%, in one of two transect trials. Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs and ordinary runs analysis detected aggregation of PVS infected plants early in the season in one and two fields respectively, suggesting transmission during seed-cutting or during planting. An increase in PVS incidence mid- to late season in one field was associated with aggregation of PVS along, but not across rows, which may be related to the closer plant spacing within rows and hence increased potential for mechanical transmission along rows. Results suggested limited spread of PVS and PVX occurred within crops during the season. Accepted for publication 9 April 2007. Published 26 July 2007.

Presence and Quantification of Microplastic in Urban Tap-Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia B. Pratesi ◽  
Maria Aparecida A.L. Santos Almeida ◽  
Geysa S. Cutrim Paz ◽  
Marcelo H. Ramos Teotonio ◽  
Felipe Mendes dos Santos Cardia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Wing Area ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Particles

Abstract Background: Plastic pollution is a rapidly growing environmental and human health crisis, with no sign of improvement. Since 2012 the number of studies on plastic pollution has quadrupled, and macro to nano-size plastics have been documented even in the planet's remote biomes. Studies have shown contamination by microplastics (MPs) in various types of food consumed by humans, including seafood, honey, sugar, salt, tap-water and bottled water and beer. The study's objective was to detect the possible contamination by MPs in drinking water samples collected from the two main residential and commercial areas of Brasília.Methods: A total of 32 samples of tap water were collected, 16 samples in the south zone, and 16 samples in the north zone of the city (respectively, South Wing and North Wing). Samples were processed and transferred to the Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell chamber. The presence of MPs particles was analyzed using a Nikon Eclipse fluorescence microscope.Results: MPs were found in 100% of the samples. The mean MPs per 500 ml found in the South Wing area was 97, while the mean number of particles in the North Wing area was 219.Conclusion: The study results reveal a disturbing amount of MP particles in Brasilia's tap-water. This surprising number of particles in tap-water is especially concerning considering that tap-water is not the only source of MPs to which people are exposed. The cumulative and toxicological effect of this chronic exposure is alarming.

scholarly journals Explaining Cultural Capital through Combining Different Dimensions of Social Capital: A Fussy Analysis Based on Artificial Neural Network Approach (ANNFIS) (A Case Study of Citizens Aged 18 and Above in Tehran)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ghorbanali Ebrahimi ◽  
Hadi Razeghimaleh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
North And South

<p>The main objective of this study was to find out whether social capital and its dimensions affect the cultural capital of citizens in Tehran, and whether there is any difference in the social capital and cultural capital in the north and south urban neighborhoods. To answer these questions, a fuzzy questionnaire for collecting the data was designed. The research method in this study was based on Artificial Neural Network -Fuzzy Inference System (ANNFIS). Statistical population included individuals aged 18 and above residing in Tehran, and sample size consisted of 2538 people.</p><p>The findings of this study indicated that there is a significant difference in the cultural capital between north and south neighborhoods in Tehran. The mean of cultural capital in the south neighborhoods (2.49 out of 10) was higher than that of north neighborhoods (6.77 out of 10). Furthermore, the degree of neighborhood social capital was different between the north and south neighborhoods of Tehran, and this difference was statistically significant, so that the mean of social capital in the south neighborhoods (6.75 out of 10) was greater than that of north neighborhoods (2.88 out of 10).</p>Multivariate linear regression analysis to explain cultural capital has revealed that social trust (- 0.502) and relation networks (- 0.087) exerted the highest and lowest impact on the dependent variable, respectively. It should be noted that, of the three variables entered into the regression equation, all variables have remained in the equation. It should be noted that the effects of all variables on the dependent variable of cultural capital was negative.

scholarly journals Seasonal and interannual (ENSO) climate variabilities and trends in the South China Sea over the last three decades

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violaine Piton ◽  
Thierry Delcroix
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Meridional Winds ◽  
El Niño Events ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
El Nino Events

Abstract. We present a short overview of the long-term mean and variability of five Essential Climate Variables observed in the South China Sea over the last 3 decades, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea level anomaly (SLA), precipitation (P), surface wind and water discharge (WD) from the Mekong and Red Rivers. At the seasonal time scale, SST and SLAs increase in the summer (up to 4.2 °C and 14 cm, respectively), and P increases in the north. The summer zonal and meridional winds reverse and intensify (mostly over the ocean), and the WD shows positive anomalies. At the interannual time scale, each variable appears to be correlated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Eastern Pacific El Niño events produce basin-wide SST warming (up to 1.4 °C) with a 6-month lag. The SLAs fall basin-wide (by up to 9 cm) during an El Niño event (all types), with a 3-month lag. The zonal and meridional winds strengthen (up to 4 m/s) in the north (weaken in the south) during all types of El Niño events, with a 3–5-month lag. A rainfall deficit of approximately 30 % of the mean occurs during all types of El Niño phases. The Mekong River WD is reduced by 1/3 of the mean 7–8 months after all types of El Niño events. We also show increasing trends of SST as high as 0.24 °C/decade and SLAs by 41 mm/decade. Increasing trends are observed for zonal wind, which is possibly linked to the phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and decreasing trends are observed for P in the north and both WD stations that were analyzed. The likely driving mechanisms and some of the relationships between all observed anomalies are discussed

scholarly journals The Effect of ENSO on Tibetan Plateau Snow Depth: A Stationary Wave Teleconnection Mechanism and Implications for the South Asian Monsoons

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2067-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shaman ◽  
Eli Tziperman
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Rossby Waves ◽  
Stationary Wave ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
Asian Monsoons

Abstract An atmospheric stationary wave teleconnection mechanism is proposed to explain how ENSO may affect the Tibetan Plateau snow depth and thereby the south Asian monsoons. Using statistical analysis, the short available record of satellite estimates of snow depth, and ray tracing, it is shown that wintertime ENSO conditions in the central Pacific may produce stationary barotropic Rossby waves in the troposphere with a northeastward group velocity. These waves reflect off the North American jet, turning equatorward, and enter the North African–Asian jet over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Once there, the waves move with the jet across North Africa, South Asia, the Himalayas, and China. Anomalous increases in upper-tropospheric potential vorticity and increased wintertime snowfall over the Tibetan Plateau are speculated to be associated with these Rossby waves. The increased snowfall produces a larger Tibetan Plateau snowpack, which persists through the spring and summer, and weakens the intensity of the south Asian summer monsoons.

Production of Chironomus, Procladius, and Chaoborus at Different Levels of Phytoplankton Biomass in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec–Vermont

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2001-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dermott ◽  
J. Kalff ◽  
W. C. Leggett ◽  
J. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
The South ◽  
Algal Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Chaoborus Punctipennis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Levels

In Lake Memphremagog a north–south gradient in algal production and biomass exists during the ice-free period, with highest production in the southern areas. In response, the mean annual benthic standing stock (dry weight) in the south basin was 2.8 times greater than in the north basin at comparable depth. Mean annual standing stock of Procladius denticulatus and Chironomus anthracinus were significantly (5.8 and 3.1 times, respectively) higher in the south, while that of Chaoborus punctipennus did not differ significantly between areas. Annual production of P. denticulatus was greater in the south (0.861 g/m2) than in the north (0.143 g/m2). Similarly for Chironomus anthracinus annual production was greater in the south (3.393 g/m2) than in the north (1.264 g/m2). Production of Chaoborus punctipennis was greater in the north (0.066 g/m2) than in the south (0.348 g/m2). P:B ratios were less variable. Key words: Lake Memphremagog, benthos, production, nutrient gradient, mortality

scholarly journals Variations in spatial and temporal distribution of Archaea in the North Sea in relation to environmental variables

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydie Herfort ◽  
Stefan Schouten ◽  
Ben Abbas ◽  
Marcel J. W. Veldhuis ◽  
Marco J. L. Coolen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Prospects for local economic development in the north of England under the coalition

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ward
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Development Agencies

Britain's coalition government, elected in 2010, is making radical changes to the institutions for local economic development in England, scrapping New Labour's Regional Development Agencies and setting up weak, non-statutory Local Enterprise Partnerships. However, sharp regional differences remain between the North and the South, and the new arrangements are unlikely to achieve the coalition's avowed aim of rebalancing the economy.

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