Review of "The role of tidal modulation in coastal flooding on a micro-tidal coast during Central American Cold Surge events"

We investigate the storm impact associated with historical events in the northern Yucatan Peninsula. The study area is prone to coastal flooding due to both its geographical location and low-lying areas. Extreme events associated with tropical cyclones and Central American cold surge (CACS; locally known as Nortes) are ubiquitous in this region, and coastal development in the study area has exacerbated the erosion of the sand beach-dune system. This study aims to assess the impact on the northern coast of Yucatan associated with different types of storms and to investigate the role of the dune in its spatial variability. Nearshore hydrodynamics, associated with hurricanes (Gilbert: 14 September 1988; Isidore: 22 September 2002) and energetic Nortes (Norte A: 12 March 1993; Norte B: 25 December 2004), were computed using a numerical model. The beach and dune characteristics were extracted from a LIDAR flight with a spatial resolution of 1 m conducted in 2011. Furthermore, the extreme water levels and the spatiotemporal variability of the storm-impact regime (swash, collision, overwash, or inundation), along a 41.5 km stretch of coast, were derived using both runup parametrizations and the modeling results. On the one hand, the predominant storm impact regimes for Hurricanes Gilbert and Isidore were inundation and overwash, respectively. The flood that propagated from east to west in the northern Yucatan was due to westerly-directed hurricane tracks. On the other hand, for the Norte events, the predominant impact regimes were collision and overwash for Nortes A and B, respectively. This difference in the impact regime between Norte events can be ascribed to tidal differences. Moreover, during the passages of Nortes A and B, the flood was propagated from west to east in the northern Yucatan, consistent with cold-front paths. The results suggest that the western part of the study area presented a stronger impact regime due to the dune degradation caused by coastal infrastructure and settlements established in those areas. This work highlights the important role of sand dunes in providing natural coastal protection during Norte events.

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The role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection in Puerto Morelos (Mexico)

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-18-1247-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1247-1260 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gemma L. Franklin ◽

Alec Torres-Freyermuth ◽

Gabriela Medellin ◽

María Eugenia Allende-Arandia ◽

Christian M. Appendini

Keyword(s):

Sand Dunes ◽

Coastal Flooding ◽

Water Levels ◽

Coastal Protection ◽

Dune System ◽

Fore Reef ◽

Extreme Water Levels ◽

Reef Environments ◽

Storm Impact

Abstract. Reefs and sand dunes are critical morphological features providing natural coastal protection. Reefs dissipate around 90 % of the incident wave energy through wave breaking, whereas sand dunes provide the final natural barrier against coastal flooding. The storm impact on coastal areas with these features depends on the relative elevation of the extreme water levels with respect to the sand dune morphology. However, despite the importance of barrier reefs and dunes in coastal protection, poor management practices have degraded these ecosystems, increasing their vulnerability to coastal flooding. The present study aims to theoretically investigate the role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection under current climatic conditions at Puerto Morelos, located in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, using a widely validated nonlinear non-hydrostatic numerical model (SWASH). Wave hindcast information, tidal level, and a measured beach profile of the reef–dune system in Puerto Morelos are employed to estimate extreme runup and the storm impact scale for current and theoretical scenarios. The numerical results show the importance of including the storm surge when predicting extreme water levels and also show that ecosystem degradation has important implications for coastal protection against storms with return periods of less than 10 years. The latter highlights the importance of conservation of the system as a mitigation measure to decrease coastal vulnerability and infrastructure losses in coastal areas in the short to medium term. Furthermore, the results are used to evaluate the applicability of runup parameterisations for beaches to reef environments. Numerical analysis of runup dynamics suggests that runup parameterisations for reef environments can be improved by including the fore reef slope. Therefore, future research to develop runup parameterisations incorporating reef geometry features (e.g. reef crest elevation, reef lagoon width, fore reef slope) is warranted.

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Leadership in Rural Central American Villages

Strategic Leadership in PK-12 Settings - Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-9242-6.ch005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 53-64

Author(s):

Yanira Oliveras-Ortiz ◽

Wesley D. Hickey ◽

Jennifer S. Jones

Keyword(s):

Narrative Inquiry ◽

Central America ◽

Education System ◽

Educational Leaders ◽

Strategic Thinking ◽

Central American ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

Role Of The Principal

Educational leaders in rural schools across the world face distinctive challenges. In this chapter, the authors report the findings of two studies examined through narrative inquiry conducted in a Garifuna and Ketchi Mayan village in Central America. The case studies explore the role of the principal as a strategic leader to improve the education system, and the impact of these leaders in their communities. By sharing these stories, the authors illustrate the importance of strategic thinking, as well as both transformative and servant leadership to promote change.

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Part III Regimes and Doctrines, Ch.43 Transnational Migration, Globalization, and Governance: Theorizing a Crisis

10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0044 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Chantal

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Transnational Migration ◽

Economic Life ◽

Central American ◽

Life Changes ◽

Economic Production ◽

Global Power ◽

The Us ◽

Us Intervention

This chapter emphasizes the role of political economy, and the ways in which global governance has affected (or failed to affect) it, in generating immigration crises. Going beyond politics toward political economy illuminates both the origins of US intervention in Central America, and the ways in which that intervention has shaped migration from the region. US involvement stemmed from global power struggles over the organization of economic production: namely, its concerns about the turn to socialism, particularly after the Cuban Revolution. If foreign policy origins stemmed from economics, often so did policy tools; such measures oriented Central American economies towards the US as a destination for its exports, and increased the Central American presence of US investors and imports. They also engendered profound changes in Central American economic life: changes that each in their own way have reinforced patterns contributing to the current migration surge.

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Review of the paper "Role of moisture transport for Central American precipitation" by Duran-Quesada et al.

10.5194/esd-2016-66-rc1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Anonymous

Keyword(s):

Moisture Transport ◽

Central American

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Comparing the role of absolute sea-level rise and vertical tectonic motions in coastal flooding, Torres Islands (Vanuatu)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1102842108 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 108 (32) ◽

pp. 13019-13022 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Valérie Ballu ◽

Marie-Noëlle Bouin ◽

Patricia Siméoni ◽

Wayne C. Crawford ◽

Stephane Calmant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Coastal Flooding

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The role of Latin America in the world sugar trade

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si9300 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

Leonardo Bichara Rocha

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Central American ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Raw Sugar ◽

Sugar Trade ◽

Set Up ◽

The Impact ◽

Sugar Exports

This paper reviews the major changes and trends in the raw and white sugar trade flows involving Latin American exporters and their partners. The paper assesses the recent absolute and relative growth in the volume of sugar exports from Brazil (the region’s and the world’s dominant exporter) and other major regional exporters such as Guatemala, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico and Argentina. Latin America has emerged as the world’s largest net sugar exporting region. Significant volumes of raw sugar of Latin American origin are now used by a large number of new destination refineries which have been set up in the Middle East and Asia. Indeed, the share of Latin America in global raw sugar exports has increased from 62.8% on average between 2002 and 2004 to 67.3% on average between 2006 and 2008. This paper also evaluates the impact of preferential trade agreements, including the CAFTA and the EPA, for Central American and Caribbean sugar exporters, as well as the implications of NAFTA for Mexico’s sugar. Finally, the paper discusses the potential gains and benefits that diversification into ethanol and cogeneration have provided to the major Latin American sugarcane industries.

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