scholarly journals Thermal conductivity of snow measured by three independent methods and anisotropy considerations

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riche ◽  
M. Schneebeli
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Needle Probe ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Steady State Heat ◽  
Snow Samples

Abstract. The thermal conductivity of snow determines the temperature gradient, and by this, it has a direct effect on the rate of snow metamorphism. It is therefore a key property of snow. However, thermal conductivities measured with the transient needle probe and the steady-state, heat flux plate differ. In addition, the anisotropy of thermal conductivity plays an important role in the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurements. In this study, we investigated three independent methods to measure snow thermal conductivity and its anisotropy: a needle probe with a long heating time, a guarded heat flux plate, and direct numerical simulation at the microstructural level of the pore and ice structure. The three methods were applied to identical snow samples. We analyzed the consistency and the difference between these methods. As already shown in former studies, we observed a distinct difference between the anisotropy of thermal conductivity in small rounded grains and in depth hoar. Indeed, the anisotropy between vertical and horizontal thermal conductivity components ranges between 0.5–2. This can cause a difference in thermal conductivity measurements carried out with needle probes of up to –25 % to +25 % if the thermal conductivity is calculated only from a horizontally inserted needle probe. Based on our measurements and the comparison of the three methods studied here, the direct numerical simulation is the most reliable method, as the tensorial components of the thermal conductivity can be calculated and the corresponding microstructure is precisely known.

scholarly journals Thermal conductivity of anisotropic snow measured by three independent methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1839-1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riche ◽  
M. Schneebeli
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Thermal Anisotropy ◽  
Convincing Argument ◽  
Needle Probe ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Steady State Heat

Abstract. The thermal conductivity of snow determines the temperature gradient, and by this the rate of snow metamorphism. It is therefore a key property of snow. However, parameterizations of thermal conductivity measured with the transient needle probe and the steady-state heat-flux plate show a bias. In addition, it is not clear to which degree thermal anisotropy is relevant. Until now, no physically convincing argument for the existence of this bias could be found. In this study, we investigated three independent methods to measure snow thermal conductivity and its anisotropy: a needle probe with a long heating time, a guarded heat flux plate, and direct numerical simulation at the level of the pore and ice structure. The three methods were applied to identical snow samples, apart from the different measurement volumes of each methods. We analyzed the consistency and the difference between these methods. We found a distinct change from horizontal thermal anisotropy in small rounded grains and vertical anisotropy in depth hoar. The anisotropy between vertical and horizontal conductivity ranges between 0.5–2. This anisotropy can cause a difference of up to −25 % to + 25 % if the thermal conductivity is calculated only from a horizontally inserted needle probe. Based on these measurements, the direct numerical simulation is the most reliable method as the tensorial components of the thermal conductivity can be calculated, the corresponding microstructure is precisely known and the homogeneity of the sample can be determined.

Dissimilarity of Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum and Heat in Perturbed Turbulent Flows

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Pasinato
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Velocity Pressure

The dissimilarity between the Reynolds stresses and the heat fluxes in perturbed turbulent channel and plane Couette flows was studied using direct numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that the majority of the dissimilarity was due to the difference between the wall-normal fluxes, while the difference between the streamwise fluxes was lower. The main causes for the dissimilarity were the production terms, followed by the velocity-pressure interaction terms. Further insights into the importance of the velocity-pressure interaction in the origin of the dissimilarity are provided using two-point correlation. Furthermore, an octant conditional averaged dataset reveals that not only the wall-normal heat flux but also the streamwise heat flux is strongly related to the wall-normal gradient of the mean temperature. A simple Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) heat flux model is proposed as a function of the Reynolds stresses. A comparison of the direct numerical simulation data with an “a priori” prediction suggests that this simple model performs reasonably well.

Numerical Simulations of Particle-Laden Flow Based on Given Friction Reynolds Number and Mean Reynolds Number Respectively

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenzhong Li ◽  
Jinjia Wei ◽  
Bo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Particle Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Particle Laden Flow

Multiphase flow with particles covers a wide spectrum of flow conditions in natural world and industrial applications. The experiments and the direct numerical simulation have become the most popular means to study the dilute particle-laden flow in the last two decades. In the experimental study, the mean Reynolds number is often adjusted to the value of single-phase flow for each set of particle conditions. However, the friction Reynolds number usually keeps invariable in the direct numerical simulation of the particle-laden flows for convenience. In this study the effect of the difference between given mean Reynolds number and friction Reynolds number was investigated. Two simulations were performed for each set of particle parameters, and the mean Reynolds number and friction Reynolds number were kept invariant respectively. From the results it can be found that the turbulence intensity and the dimensionless velocities are larger when keeping the friction Reynolds constant. And the results calculated from the cases of keeping the mean Reynolds number invariable agree with the experiment results better. In addition, the particle distribution along the wall-normal coordinate was found to be unchanged between two simulation conditions. As a suggestion, keeping the same mean Reynolds number in the direct numerical simulation of particle-laden flow is more appropriate.

Investigation of droplet-mediated sensible and latent heat fluxes in a turbulent air flow over a waved water surface by direct numerical simulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Druzhinin
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Coupled Equations ◽  
Turbulent Air Flow

<p>The objective of the present study is to investigate sensible and latent heat transfer mediated by evaporating saline droplets in a turbulent air flow over a waved water surface by performing direct numerical simulation. Equations of the air-flow velocity, temperature and humidity are solved simultaneously with the two-way-coupled equations of individual droplets coordinates and velocities, temperatures and masses. Two different cases of air and water surface temperatures,T<sub>a</sub> = 27 <sup>0</sup>C, T<sub>s</sub> = 28 <sup>0</sup>C,  and T<sub>a</sub> = -10 <sup>0</sup>C, T<sub>s</sub> = 0 <sup>0</sup>C, are considered and conditionally termed as "tropical cyclone" (TC) and "polar low"  (PL) conditions, respectively. Droplets-mediated sensible and latent heat fluxes, Q<sub>S</sub> and Q<sub>L</sub>, are integrated along individual droplets Lagrangian trajectories and evaluated as distributions over droplet diameter at injection, d, and also obtained as Eulerian, ensemble-averaged fields. The results show that under TC-conditions, the sensible heat flux from droplets to air is negative whereas the latent heat flux is positive, and thus droplets cool and moisturize the carrier air. On the other hand, under PL-conditions, Q<sub>S</sub> and Q<sub>L</sub>  are both positive, and Q<sub>L</sub> – contribution is significantly reduced as compared to Q<sub>S</sub> - contribution. Thus in this case, droplets warm up the air. In both cases, the droplet-mediated enthalpy flux, Q<sub>S</sub><sub> </sub>+ Q<sub>L </sub>, is positive, vanishes for sufficiently small droplets (with diameters d ≤ 150 μm) and further increases with d. The results also show that the net fluxes are reduced with increasing wave slope.</p><p>This work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Task No. 0030-2019-0020). Numerical algorithms were developed under the support of RFBR (Nos. 18-05-60299, 18-55-50005, 18-05-00265, 20-05-00322). Postprocessing was performed under the support of the Russian Science Foundation (No. 19-17-00209).</p>

Direct Numerical Simulation and RANS Modeling of Turbulent Natural Convection for Low Prandtl Number Fluids

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Otic´ ◽  
G. Gro¨tzbach
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Prandtl Number ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Turbulent Heat Flux ◽  
Turbulent Heat ◽  
Temperature Variance ◽  
Flux Model ◽  
Heat Flux Model

Results of direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent Rayleigh-Be´nard convection for a Prandtl number Pr = 0.025 and a Rayleigh number Ra = 105 are used to evaluate the turbulent heat flux and the temperature variance. The DNS evaluated turbulent heat flux is compared with the DNS based results of a standard gradient diffusion turbulent heat flux model and with the DNS based results of a standard algebraic turbulent heat flux model. The influence of the turbulence time scales on the predictions by the standard algebraic heat flux model at these Rayleigh- and Prandtl numbers is investigated. A four equation algebraic turbulent heat flux model based on the transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy k, for the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy ε, for the temperature variance θ2, and for the temperature variance dissipation rate εθ is proposed. This model should be applicable to a wide range of low Prandtl number flows.

Anharmonicity Dependent Heat Conduction in One-Dimensional Lattices

2013 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya Shah ◽  
Tejal N. Shah ◽  
P.N. Gajjar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Interparticle Interactions ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Harmonic Chain

The temperature profile, heat flux and thermal conductivity are investigated for the chain length of 67 one-dimensional (1-D) oscillators. FPU-β and FK models are used for interparticle interactions and substrate interactions, respectively. As harmonic chain does not produce temperature gradient along the chain, it is required to introduce anharmonicity in the numerical simulation. The anharmonicity dependent temperature profile, thermal conductivity and heat flux are simulated for different strength of anharmonicity β = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1. It is concluded that heat flux obeys J = 0.3947 e0.553β with R2 = 0.9319 and thermal conductivity obeys κ = 0.0276 e0.5559β with R2 = 0.9319.

Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Channel Flow With Heat Transfer for Low Prandtl and High Reynolds and Comparison With Algebraic Heat Flux Model

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haomin Yuan ◽  
Elia Merzari
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Prandtl Number ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Turbulent Channel Flow ◽  
Flux Model ◽  
Heat Flux Model

The flow characteristic of fluid at low Prandtl number is of continued interest in the nuclear industry because liquid metals are to be used in the next-generation nuclear power reactors. In this work we performed direct numerical simulation (DNS) for turbulent channel flow with fluid of low Prandtl number. The Prandtl number was set to 0.025, which is representative of the behavior of liquid metals. Constant heat flux was imposed on the walls to study heat transfer behavior, with different boundary conditions for temperature fluctuation. The bulk Reynolds number was set as high as 50,000, with a corresponding friction Reynolds number of 1,200, which is closer to the situation in a reactor or a heat exchanger than used in normally available databases. Budgets for turbulent variables were computed and compared with predictions from several RANS turbulence models. In particular, the Algebraic Heat Flux Model (AHFM) has been the focus of this comparison with DNS data. The comparisons highlight some shortcomings of AHFM along with potential improvements.

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