scholarly journals Do mycorrhizal fungi create below-ground links between native plants and <i>Acacia longifolia</i>? A case study in a coastal maritime pine forest in Portugal

Web Ecology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Carvalho ◽  
Rui Martins ◽  
António Portugal ◽  
M. Teresa Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Acacia Longifolia

Abstract. Maritime pine forests are a major ecosystem throughout the Portuguese coast and are severely affected by the invasion of Acacia longifolia. The presented study investigated the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) of major plant species in these ecosystems to find possible links between Pinus pinaster, three native Cistaceae shrubs and the Acacia invasive species. We successfully identified 13 ECM fungal taxa. Within those, two species from the order Helotiales were found in all plant species, and over half of the fungal ECM species found in Pinus pinaster were also common to the Cistaceae shrubs. Network analysis points to the Cistaceae shrubs having a central role in these below-ground communities, therefore enforcing the idea that they are key to these communities and should not be underestimated. Our results also point to the evolving role of invasive plant species in the ecosystem dynamics in the rhizosphere, which host fungal species that are common to native plants, although it is not yet clear whether these fungal taxa are native or a consequence of the presence of Acacia longifolia.

scholarly journals Allelopathy of Knotweeds as Invasive Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Germination And Growth

Perennial herbaceous Fallopia is native to East Asia, and was introduced to Europe and North America in the 19th century as an ornamental plant. Fallopia has been spreading quickly and has naturalized in many countries. It is listed in the world’s 100 worst alien species. Fallopia often forms dense monospecies stands through the interruption of the regeneration process of indigenous plant species. Allelopathy of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia x bohemica) has been reported to play an essential role in its invasion. The exudate from their roots and/or rhizomes, and their plant residues inhibited the germination and growth of some other plant species. These knotweeds, which are non-mycorrhizal plants, also suppressed the abundance and species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soil. Such suppression was critical for most territorial plants to form the mutualism with AMF, which enhances the nutrient and water uptake, and the tolerance against pathogens and stress conditions. Several allelochemicals such as flavanols, stilbenes, and quinones were identified in the extracts, residues, and rhizosphere soil of the knotweeds. The accumulated evidence suggests that some of those allelochemicals in knotweeds may be released into the rhizosphere soil through the decomposition process of their plant parts, and the exudation from their rhizomes and roots. Those allelochemicals may inhibit the germination and growth of native plants, and suppress the mycorrhizal colonization of native plants, which provides the knotweeds with a competitive advantage, and interrupts the regeneration processes of native plants. Therefore, allelopathy of knotweeds may contribute to establishing their new habitats in the introduced ranges as invasive plant species. It is the first review article focusing on the allelopathy of knotweeds.

scholarly journals Interactive effects of climate change and plant invasion on alpine biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Justyna Giejsztowt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Plant Invasion ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Competition For Pollination

<p>Drivers of global change have direct impacts on the structure of communities and functioning of ecosystems, and interactions between drivers may buffer or exacerbate these direct effects. Interactions among drivers can lead to complex non-linear outcomes for ecosystems, communities and species, but are infrequently quantified. Through a combination of experimental, observational and modelling approaches, I address critical gaps in our understanding of the interactive effects of climate change and plant invasion, using Tongariro National Park (TNP; New Zealand) as a model. TNP is an alpine ecosystem of cultural significance which hosts a unique flora with high rates of endemism. TNP is invaded by the perennial shrub Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. My objectives were to: 1) determine whether species-specific phenological shifts have the potential to alter the reproductive capacity of native plants in landscapes affected by invasion; 2) determine whether the effect of invasion intensity on the Species Area Relationship (SAR) of native alpine plant species is influenced by environmental stress; 3) develop a novel modelling framework that would account for density-dependent competitive interactions between native species and C. vulgaris and implement it to determine the combined risk of climate change and plant invasion on the distribution of native plant species; and 4) explore the possible mechanisms leading to a discrepancy in C. vulgaris invasion success on the North and South Islands of New Zealand. I show that species-specific phenological responses to climate warming increase the flowering overlap between a native and an invasive plant. I then show that competition for pollination with the invader decreases the sexual reproduction of the native in some landscapes. I therefore illustrate a previously undescribed interaction between climate warming and plant invasion where the effects of competition for pollination with an invader on the sexual reproduction of the native may be exacerbated by climate warming. Furthermore, I describe a previously unknown pattern of changing invasive plant impact on SAR along an environmental stress gradient. Namely, I demonstrate that interactions between an invasive plant and local native plant species richness become increasingly facilitative along elevational gradients and that the strength of plant interactions is dependent on invader biomass. I then show that the consequences of changing plant interactions at a local scale for the slope of SAR is dependent on the pervasion of the invader. Next, I demonstrate that the inclusion of invasive species density data in distribution models for a native plant leads to greater reductions in predicted native plant distribution and density under future climate change scenarios relative to models based on climate suitability alone. Finally, I find no evidence for large-scale climatic, edaphic, and vegetative limitations to invasion by C. vulgaris on either the North and South Islands of New Zealand. Instead, my results suggest that discrepancies in invasive spread between islands may be driven by human activity: C. vulgaris is associated with the same levels of human disturbance on both islands despite differences in the presence of these conditions between then islands. Altogether, these results show that interactive effects between drivers on biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics are frequently not additive or linear. Therefore, accurate predictions of global change impacts on community structure and ecosystems function require experiments and models which include of interactions among drivers such as climate change and species invasion. These results are pertinent to effective conservation management as most landscapes are concurrently affected by multiple drivers of global environmental change.</p>

Interspecific differences in the tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to freezing and drying

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1161-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N Klironomos ◽  
Miranda M Hart ◽  
Jane E Gurney ◽  
Peter Moutoglis
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in northern temperate ecosystems must function during extremes in environmental conditions. However, it is not known if arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that co-exist in soil communities have similar tolerances to stresses such as drought and freezing. The phenology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was determined over one year in a community in southern Ontario, Canada. Five fungal species from the same community were then used to inoculate five plant species, in all possible combinations, and were subjected to either a freezing treatment or a drought treatment after which new seedlings were transplanted into the treated pots. The percent colonization of roots of each plant species was measured as the difference in mean colonization from the control. Freezing reduced percent colonization in almost every case, whereas drought resulted in both increased and decreased percent colonization. Fungal species responded differently to the treatments, and there was a pronounced plant × fungus effect. These results support the hypothesis that distinct functional groups of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exist, and these may determine plant community structure.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, freezing, drying, functional diversity.

scholarly journals Cheatgrass invasion alters the abundance and composition of dark septate fungal communities in sagebrush steppe

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Gehring ◽  
Michaela Hayer ◽  
Lluvia Flores-Rentería ◽  
Andrew F. Krohn ◽  
Egbert Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Sagebrush Steppe ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Dark Septate Fungi

Invasive, non-native plant species can alter soil microbial communities in ways that contribute to their persistence. While most studies emphasize mycorrhizal fungi, invasive plants also may influence communities of dark septate fungi (DSF), which are common root endophytes that can function like mycorrhizas. We tested the hypothesis that a widespread invasive plant in the western United States, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), influenced the abundance and community composition of DSF by examining the roots and rhizosphere soils of cheatgrass and two native plant species in cheatgrass-invaded and noninvaded areas of sagebrush steppe. We focused on cheatgrass because it is negatively affected by mycorrhizal fungi and colonized by DSF. We found that DSF root colonization and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness were significantly higher in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and rice grass (Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth) from invaded areas than noninvaded areas. Cheatgrass roots had similar levels of DSF colonization and OTU richness as native plants. The community composition of DSF varied with invasion in the roots and soils of native species and among the roots of the three plant species in the invaded areas. The substantial changes in DSF we observed following cheatgrass invasion argue for comparative studies of DSF function in native and non-native plant species.

Allelopathic disruptions of biotic interactions due to non-native plants.

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-280
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Smith-Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Native Invasive

Abstract Allelopathy, or the process by which plants influence the growth and performance of their neighbours through the release of chemicals, may play a key role in mediating the impacts of non-native invasive species on their neighbours. The Novel Weapons Hypothesis purports that non-native invasive species are in part successful because they produce harmful allelochemicals to which resident species are particularly susceptible because residents lack a shared evolutionary history with the invader. While allelopathic non-native invaders may reduce the growth and performance of neighbours through direct phytotoxicity, they may more often exert negative impacts through disruption of biotic interactions among resident species. Allelopathy by non-native plants may disrupt mutualisms between resident plants and microbes, plant-herbivore interactions or existing competitive and facilitative interactions among resident plants. For example, several non-native plants are known to disrupt the mutualism between resident plants and mycorrhizal fungi, reducing resident plant fitness to the benefit of the invader. Allelopathic non-natives may also disrupt interactions among resident plants and their herbivores when allelochemicals also influence herbivore behaviour or fitness. Alternatively, biotic interactions can also be protective for resident species, which may be less susceptible to the impacts of non-native species when their mutualisms are intact. As we advance our understanding of allelopathy and its role in mediating the impacts of invasive plant species, we may gain new insights by viewing invasions within a network context rather than focusing on pairwise interactions.

Phyto-Distribution of Alien Invasive Species in the Campus of Pune University by Using GPS Mapping and their Interaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
N. A. Ghayal ◽  
C. P. Hase
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Alien Invasive Species ◽  
Invasive Weeds ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
The University

The invasive plant species hamper crops, human activities and become part of dynamic ecosystems, which grow in varied habitats and harsh ecological conditions and often invade the new ecosystems. The campus of Pune University is highly rich in phytodiversity of native and invasive weeds, which interact with each other. The invasive weeds like Cassia uniflora Mill. non Spreng, Alternanthera tenella Colla., Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn, S. vialis Gray and native weed species like Achyranthes are showing dominance in the campus. The GPS mapping indicated that C. uniflora, S. nodiflora, . tenella, Blainvillea acmella, Euphorbia geniculata, Triumfetta rhomboidea and C. obtusifolia were dominant and occasionally forming pure stands in the campus reducing the phytodiversity of natives by substitution. The results on weed-weed interactions indicated that major associations were between Cassia and Achyranthes, Cassia and Bidens . Synedrella population was forming monothickets. The studies on weed-weed associations and interactions at all the sites indicated that native plants were substituted by the encroachment of invasive weeds due to negative interactions. The negative influence of Cassia and Synedrella was prominent through out the campus. The strong positive and negative associations of native and alien weeds in the university campus predicted changing Phytodiversity and ecosystem dynamics. The aggressive nature and invasiveness of C.uniflora and S.nodiflora was confirmed by their respective abundance such as 25.83 and 24.80 as compared to native weeds like Achyranthes (12.93). The investigation clearly proved the declining phytodiversityof native plant species in the university campus, which has perturbed the ecological balance through the release of allelochemicals / ecochemicals in the habitat. 

Effects of the invasive plant garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on bacterial communities in a northern hardwood forest soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Burke ◽  
Charlotte R. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soil Bacterial

We compared the effects of the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and 2 native plants on soil bacterial communities in a mature mesophytic forest. Soil samples were collected from plant patches containing either Alliaria or the native plants Allium tricoccum (wild leek) and Gallium triflorum (bedstraw). Since Alliaria litter contains secondary compounds that have reported antimicrobial properties, soil was collected outside the root zone of the plants but within the plant patches such that the soil would have been influenced by the litter of the respective plant species but not by plant roots. DNA was extracted from the soil samples and used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene region using bacterial specific primers. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) profiles of each bacterial community were used to examine differences in bacterial communities among the plant species and between August and April sampling. Bacterial richness, evenness, and diversity were not significantly affected by plant species. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) suggested that differences existed between August and April sampling, but that plant species litter exerted a much weaker effect on soil bacterial communities. Soil physiochemical conditions were significantly correlated with soil bacterial communities and may underlie the observed seasonal changes in bacterial communities.

scholarly journals Invasive Plant Species: Results of a Consumer Awareness, Knowledge, and Expectations Survey Conducted in Pennsylvania

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Kelley ◽  
Janine R. Conklin ◽  
James C. Sellmer ◽  
Ricky M. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Invasive Plant Species ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Alternative Species

Abstract Consumers were surveyed at the 2004 Philadelphia Flower Show in Philadelphia, PA, from March 8–10, to quantify their attitudes and behaviors towards invasive plant species and potential problems associated with purchasing and planting them. A majority of the 341 participants (81.5%) was aware that non-native plants were used in the landscape and that these plants may be invasive in natural areas. Less than half (40.1%) acknowledged owning plants considered invasive while one third (33.5%) did not know if these plants were growing in their landscapes. Less than half (41.3%) believed that laws should be passed to prevent the sale of non-native plants while 27.8% believed that laws should be passed to allow sale of only native plants in their area. Three distinct consumer segments were identified using Cluster Analysis: ‘Invasive savvy,’ participants knowledgeable about invasives and interested in alternative species; ‘Invasive neutral,’ participants neutral in their decision to purchase alternatives to invasive plants and price sensitive about paying more for plants tested for invasiveness; and ‘Invasive inactive,’ participants were not price sensitive to paying more for plants tested for invasiveness, however, they appeared to oppose the purchase of plants previously listed as invasive which would be available as seedless through breeding and natural selection or other forms of genetic modification. Survey results indicated that media sources (e.g., television and print media) would be effective for educating consumers about potential problems associated with invasive species in the landscape.

Allelopathic disruptions of biotic interactions due to non-native plants.

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-280
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Smith-Ramesh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Native Invasive

Allelopathy, or the process by which plants influence the growth and performance of their neighbours through the release of chemicals, may play a key role in mediating the impacts of non-native invasive species on their neighbours. The Novel Weapons Hypothesis purports that non-native invasive species are in part successful because they produce harmful allelochemicals to which resident species are particularly susceptible because residents lack a shared evolutionary history with the invader. While allelopathic non-native invaders may reduce the growth and performance of neighbours through direct phytotoxicity, they may more often exert negative impacts through disruption of biotic interactions among resident species. Allelopathy by non-native plants may disrupt mutualisms between resident plants and microbes, plant-herbivore interactions or existing competitive and facilitative interactions among resident plants. For example, several non-native plants are known to disrupt the mutualism between resident plants and mycorrhizal fungi, reducing resident plant fitness to the benefit of the invader. Allelopathic non-natives may also disrupt interactions among resident plants and their herbivores when allelochemicals also influence herbivore behaviour or fitness. Alternatively, biotic interactions can also be protective for resident species, which may be less susceptible to the impacts of non-native species when their mutualisms are intact. As we advance our understanding of allelopathy and its role in mediating the impacts of invasive plant species, we may gain new insights by viewing invasions within a network context rather than focusing on pairwise interactions.

scholarly journals The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizaI fungi (GlomeraIes) in cuItivated soiIs of Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Janusz Błaszczykowski ◽  
Anna Iwaniuk ◽  
Beata Czerniawska
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Glomus Caledonium ◽  
Cultivated Soils

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in cultivated soils of Poland was characterized based on 15-year investigations. Spores of AMF were isolated from both field-collected root-rhizosphere soil mixtures and trap cultures established with a part of these mixtures. The mixtures were collected from under 41 plant species. The plant species most frequently sampled were <i>Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum</i>, and <i>Zea mays</i>. Spores of AMF were found in 97,5% of the field-collected root-soil samples and in 95,5% of trap cultures. The AMF predominating in populations of the spores revealed were members of the genus <i>Glomus</i>. The spores recovered belonged to 36 species. The AM fungal species most frequently occurring in cultivated soils of Poland were <i>Glomus caledonium, G.constrictum, G.deserticola</i>, and <i>G.mosseae</i>.

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