scholarly journals Combined preliminary–detailed design of wind turbines

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Bortolotti ◽  
Carlo L. Bottasso ◽  
Alessandro Croce
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Tip Clearance ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Holistic Optimization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tower Height

Abstract. This paper is concerned with the holistic optimization of wind turbines. A multi-disciplinary optimization procedure is presented that marries the overall sizing of the machine in terms of rotor diameter and tower height (often termed “preliminary design”) with the detailed sizing of its aerodynamic and structural components. The proposed combined preliminary–detailed approach sizes the overall machine while taking into full account the subtle and complicated couplings that arise due to the mutual effects of aerodynamic and structural choices. Since controls play a central role in dictating performance and loads, control laws are also updated accordingly during optimization. As part of the approach, rotor and tower are sized simultaneously, even in this case capturing the mutual effects of one component over the other due to the tip clearance constraint. The procedure, here driven by detailed models of the cost of energy, results in a complete aero-structural design of the machine, including its associated control laws. The proposed methods are tested on the redesign of two wind turbines, a 2.2 MW onshore machine and a large 10 MW offshore one. In both cases, the optimization leads to significant changes with respect to the initial baseline configurations, with noticeable reductions in the cost of energy. The novel procedures are also exercised on the design of low-induction rotors for both considered wind turbines, showing that they are typically not competitive with conventional high-efficiency rotors.

scholarly journals Combined preliminary-detailed design of wind turbines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Bortolotti ◽  
Carlo L. Bottasso ◽  
Alessandro Croce
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Tip Clearance ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Holistic Optimization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tower Height ◽  
First Time

Abstract. This paper is concerned with the holistic optimization of wind turbines. A new procedure is presented that marries for the first time the overall sizing of the machine in terms of rotor diameter and tower height (often termed preliminary design), with the detailed sizing of its aerodynamic and structural components. The proposed combined preliminary-detailed approach sizes the overall machine, while taking into full account the subtle and complicated couplings that arise due to the mutual effects of aerodynamic and structural choices. As part of the approach, rotor and tower are sized simultaneously, even in this case capturing the mutual effects of one component over the other due to the tip clearance constraint. Result of the procedure, which is here driven by detailed models of the cost of energy, is a complete aero-structural design of the machine, including its associated control laws. The proposed methods are tested on the redesign of two wind turbines, a 2.2 MW onshore machine and a large 10 MW offshore one. In both cases, the optimization leads to significant changes with respect to the initial baseline configurations, with noticeable reductions in the cost of energy.

scholarly journals Optimal Design of Rated Wind Speed and Rotor Radius to Minimizing the Cost of Energy for Offshore Wind Turbines

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longfu Luo ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhang ◽  
Dongran Song ◽  
Weiyi Tang ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

As onshore wind energy has depleted, the utilization of offshore wind energy has gradually played an important role in globally meeting growing green energy demands. However, the cost of energy (COE) for offshore wind energy is very high compared to the onshore one. To minimize the COE, implementing optimal design of offshore turbines is an effective way, but the relevant studies are lacking. This study proposes a method to minimize the COE of offshore wind turbines, in which two design parameters, including the rated wind speed and rotor radius are optimally designed. Through this study, the relation among the COE and the two design parameters is explored. To this end, based on the power-coefficient power curve model, the annual energy production (AEP) model is designed as a function of the rated wind speed and the Weibull distribution parameters. On the other hand, the detailed cost model of offshore turbines developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is formulated as a function of the rated wind speed and the rotor radius. Then, the COE is formulated as the ratio of the total cost and the AEP. Following that, an iterative method is proposed to search the minimal COE which corresponds to the optimal rated wind speed and rotor radius. Finally, the proposed method has been applied to the wind classes of USA, and some useful findings have been obtained.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION OF THE WIND POWER PLANTS IN CRIMEA

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
E. A. Bekirov ◽  
S. N. Voskresenskaya ◽  
V. V. Potenko
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

The article provides data on the generation and consumption of electricity by a wind farm. To maintain the operability of the wind farm, it is connected to the general grid of the power system, not only for the output of generated electricity, but also for the consumption of the necessary electricity to start the operation of wind turbines. Electricity generation, payback and net profit of a wind power plant of 12 wind turbines were estimated. Subject of study. Wind power plants and their efficiency. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis is the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of wind energy. In the work, analytical research methods were used, including predictive calculation of the annual energy production of wind turbines. Conclusions. The instability of electricity generation using renewable energy generating units is a serious problem that affects the cost of energy produced. According to the calculations, in 14 years, provided the electricity price is equal to 1.8 rubles, the power plant will recoup the investment and begin to generate net income. The correlation coefficient was determined, which was 0.94.

Design and Research of Smart Blades Based on Load Optimization and Power Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 654 ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Cai ◽  
Bing Tang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Aerodynamic Load ◽  
Protection Effect ◽  
Load Optimization ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Response Performance ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Blade Loads

Wind energy is the fastest growing source of energy nowadays. The significant growth of size and weight over the past few decades increase the cost of energy (COE) of wind turbines. Optimization of rapid fluctuating loads, which arise from a variety of sources including turbulence, tower shadow, wind shear and yawed flow, can lower the COE. In this article, the “Active Blade”, changing the local airfoil contour driven by a built-in structure to modify the blade’s aerodynamic performance, designed as a solution to reduce fatigue loads on wind turbines. In this approach, aerodynamic load control devices, combined with sensor, controller and actuator, dynamically control the blade loads. The structure is simple with good high frequency fast response performance. The overload stall protection effect is obvious and fast.

scholarly journals Design Optimization of a Permanent-Magnet Flux-Switching Generator for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Dmitrievskii ◽  
Vladimir Prakht ◽  
Vadim Kazakbaev
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Torque Ripple ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Initial Profile ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
The Cost

Due to the increasing need for direct-drive wind turbines, a large number of papers are dedicated to the optimization of low-speed wind generators. A permanent-magnet flux-switching machine can be a valuable option to use in such applications. This paper describes the optimization procedure of a direct-drive flux-switching wind generator. The average losses, the required converter power, and the cost of permanents magnets were chosen as the optimization objectives. To reduce the calculation efforts during the optimization, a method to construct the substituting load profiles is proposed. Two-mode and three-mode substituting profiles were constructed on the basis of the nine-mode initial profile. The losses calculated under the two-mode, three-mode, and nine-mode profiles accurately coincided, which supported the use of the low-mode substituting profiles instead of the initial one. During the optimization, the average losses decreased by 30%, which corresponded to an increase in the average efficiency by almost 6%. The required converter power was decreased by 10%. The total active material mass, cogging torque, and torque ripple were also slightly decreased.

scholarly journals Upscaling wind turbines: theoretical and practical aspects and their impact on the cost of energy

Wind Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sieros ◽  
P. Chaviaropoulos ◽  
J. D. Sørensen ◽  
B. H. Bulder ◽  
P. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Design and simulation of an optimized small wind turbine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Norberto Fernando Soares Sanjimba
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Small Wind Turbines ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Wind

The volatility of fossil fuel's price, pollution, and emission associated with converting fos- sil fuel into a useful type of energy led man to search for more sustainable energy sources that are pollution-free and renewable. Today, renewable energy technologies, such as solar and large wind turbines, are developed to a stage of maturity, having the cost of produc- ing electricity dropping signi􏰀cantly in the last decade, therefore making these technologies competitive with the traditional counterpart. The cost of producing electricity through small wind turbines is still high compared to large wind turbines or photovoltaic technology. For small wind turbines to successfully compete with other technologies and contribute to the diversi􏰀cation of o􏰈-grid technology, further research is needed to reduce the levelised cost of energy (LCOE). Therefore, this study aims to reduce the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of small wind turbines. To achieve the ob- jective, a 10 kW wind turbine operating at a site of an average wind speed of 7.5 m/s was designed, optimized, and simulated. With low LCOE in mind, the turbine components were designed as simple as possible to reduce manufacturing costs. The blades are made of uniform cross-sectional area, which made possible to use aluminum as the blade material, and the blade cross-sectional area is made out of a high lift airfoil. The hub is made of aluminum and modelled and designed as a disc with holes to bolt the blades and attach the main shaft. The mainframe is treated as a thick plate with a proper arrangement to connect the generator, the main and yaw bearings, the tail support, and any other ancillaries needed. An octal tapered tower with a height of 20 m made of steel was designed and optimized for low weight. The electrical power is to be produced by a direct drive variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control system is designed in such a way that allows the turbine to operate in maximum power e􏰊ciency for any speed below the rated speed, and to increase reliability, a sensorless control system is suggested. The research started with a broad review of the relevant literature on wind turbines in general and small wind turbines. The turbine blades design began by analysing the aero- dynamic performance of the blade. To accomplish that, XFoil was used to generate the aerodynamic parameters of the airfoil, the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method was used to estimate the blades' aerodynamic performance, and Qblade was employed to com- pare the results, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to verify the results. The preliminary design was done using standard IEC 61400-2 to obtain the load cases, and general engineering formulas, CFD and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to analyse the load in the components according to IEC 61400-2, FAST-V7 was used to simulate the turbine's overall performance, standard formulas were used to evaluate the economic perfor- mance of the design, MatLab was used to perform all needed calculations. In this study, it is evident that using standard IEC 61400-2 to estimate the load, gyroscopic load components dominate the design, and the control system must be used to limit those loads. The designed turbine has relatively high e􏰊ciency and low LCOE.

scholarly journals Maintenance Models Applied to Wind Turbines. A Comprehensive Overview

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Merizalde ◽  
Luis Hernández-Callejo ◽  
Oscar Duque-Perez ◽  
Víctor Alonso-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Wind power generation has been the fastest-growing energy alternative in recent years, however, it still has to compete with cheaper fossil energy sources. This is one of the motivations to constantly improve the efficiency of wind turbines and develop new Operation and Maintenance (O&M) methodologies. The decisions regarding O&M are based on different types of models, which cover a wide range of scenarios and variables and share the same goal, which is to minimize the Cost of Energy (COE) and maximize the profitability of a wind farm (WF). In this context, this review aims to identify and classify, from a comprehensive perspective, the different types of models used at the strategic, tactical, and operational decision levels of wind turbine maintenance, emphasizing mathematical models (MatMs). The investigation allows the conclusion that even though the evolution of the models and methodologies is ongoing, decision making in all the areas of the wind industry is currently based on artificial intelligence and machine learning models.

Smart Trailing Edges for Wind Turbines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Riemenschneider ◽  
Martin Pohl ◽  
Róbert Ungurán ◽  
Vlaho Petrović ◽  
Martin Kühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Trailing Edges ◽  
Trailing Edge Flaps ◽  
The Cost

In order to reduce the “cost of energy” for wind turbines it is an ongoing trend to increase the rotor diameter, which increases fatigue loads in the blade root area. Thus, a critical prerequisite for increased rotor diameter is the reduction of loads, which can be utilized by passive and active measures. This paper is giving an overview of current research work towards the use of a flexible trailing edge for load reduction as it is being pursued in the German national SmartBlades project. The active trailing edge is designed to change the lift of the outer blade in a way to counteract sudden changes caused by gusts or wind shear. Areas that are covered include the simulation towards the load reduction potential of such flexible trailing edges, the structural design of the trailing edge itself as a compliant mechanism, its experimental validation and fatigue investigation as well as multistable approaches for the design of such trailing edge flaps.

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