scholarly journals Students from all Layers of Society. Study Grants, Parents and the Education of their Children, 1815-2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Wouter Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Government Grants ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The 1960S

This paper investigates how the system of government grants affected individual life chances for students in the Netherlands from 1815 to today, focusing on the accessibility of academic education and opportunities for social mobility. Study grants for adolescents from lower class or low-income families can promote upward intergenerational social mobility, since they remove the financial barriers of continuing education and can lead to occupations of a higher standing. By investigating the social background and careers of a sample of grant students compared to the overall student populations, this paper uncovers to what extent study grants had an effect on an individual and societal scale. During the two centuries under study the aims and size of the grant system changed, causing concerns about the effectiveness of the grants. In the entire nineteenth century grants for university students were restricted to those already enrolled, minimizing the appeal for newcomers from low-income families. The limited number of grants available prevented the system from influencing the composition of the student population fundamentally. However, this changed when the grant system was extended in 1919, and again after 1945 when grant allocation was connected to parental income level. The rapid increase of educational participation and connected democratisation from the 1960s made the grant system influential, however costly. The grant system has been a subject of ongoing political debate during the last few decades, since the grants’ effect on upward social mobility has been called into question.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Financial Subsidy Program of Punjab Education Foundation for Increasing Students Enrollment and Retention in Private Schools in Punjab

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 528-537
Author(s):  
Rashid Iqbal Klasra ◽  
Afshan Huma
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Voucher Program ◽  
Subsidy Program ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Financial Subsidy

This study retrospects the idea of financial assistance program (school voucher program) proposed by Milton Friedman, lately developed by Peacock, Wiseman and Jencks. It examines the current education voucher program of Punjab education foundation designed for students of low-income families. The research aims to see efficacy of Public Private Partnership in school education in Punjab. It analyzes private schools choices for poor students through government financial subsidy program for basic education in Punjab. The financial subsidy program has become pervasive recently. The research was descriptive in nature based on opinions of Program administrators/Directors of Punjab Education foundation, Schools owners, Principals, teachers and parents related to private schools of Punjab education foundation. The results drawn through observation, questionnaires, interviews. checklists indicated that this program increases choices for poor families to enroll their children in schools of their preference because of quality, pedagogical approaches, affordability and geographical location regardless of financial barriers.

scholarly journals The Achievement of University Access: Conversion Factors, Capabilities and Choices

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Walker
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
First Year ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Her Family ◽  
University Access ◽  
Low Income Families

In the light both of persistent inequality of education opportunities for low income families and a wide equality gap in South Africa, this article explores students’ university access by applying Amartya Sen’s capability approach to a South African case study. The article demonstrates empirically that access is more than an individual project, shaped both by objective conditions and subjective biographies, that is by general conversion factors and a person’s social and personal options. Key conversion factors are material (income) and social (family, community, school, information), which produce an interlocking system of opportunity. Access thus requires more than formal opportunity to enable social mobility for all. The case study comprises qualitative interviews with diverse students in their first year at one university; illustrative narratives are selected to show different pathways, conversion factors and choices. Agency and self-efficacy emerge as especially important for making choices but also for constructing a higher education pathway where none exists for that person and her family. The article suggests that higher education has the potential to advance social mobility provided that it moves in the direction of expanding the capabilities of all students to have the choice of higher education.

The Growing Epidemic of Uninsurance: New Data on the Health Insurance Coverage of Americans

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Hellander ◽  
Jamaluddin Moloo ◽  
David U. Himmelstein ◽  
Steffie Woolhandler ◽  
Sidney M. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The 1960S

Despite a massive expansion of Medicaid and an upswing in the economy, the total number of Americans uninsured in 1993 was 39.7 million, more than at any time since the passage of Medicaid and Medicare in the 1960s. Since 1989, the ranks of the uninsured have swelled by 6.3 million. Millions more would be uninsured if Medicaid enrollment had not risen dramatically, by 10.5 million people since 1989. Loss of health coverage is a growing problem for middle-income families, women, and children, as it has long been for low-income families. Even in Hawaii, whose employer mandate program is often cited as a model of universal coverage, there was a large increase in uninsurance. Nationwide, the sharp upswing in the number of Americans who are uninsured has coincided with government and corporate policies to encourage medical competition and push people into managed care plans. Republican proposals to limit AFDC benefits threaten to further increase uninsurance, particularly among women and children. Only a Canadian-style single-payer reform can assure universal coverage and simultaneously contain costs.

scholarly journals Exploring Low-Income Families’ Financial Barriers to Food Allergy Management and Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leia M. Minaker ◽  
Susan J. Elliott ◽  
Ann Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Food Bank ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Intangible Costs ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Allergy Management

Objectives. Low-income families may face financial barriers to management and treatment of chronic illnesses. No studies have explored how low-income individuals and families with anaphylactic food allergies cope with financial barriers to anaphylaxis management and/or treatment. This study explores qualitatively assessed direct, indirect, and intangible costs of anaphylaxis management and treatment faced by low-income families. Methods. In-depth, semistructured interviews with 23 participants were conducted to gain insight into income-related barriers to managing and treating anaphylactic food allergies. Results. Perceived direct costs included the cost of allergen-free foods and allergy medication and costs incurred as a result of misinformation about social support programs. Perceived indirect costs included those associated with lack of continuity of health care. Perceived intangible costs included the stress related to the difficulty of obtaining allergen-free foods at the food bank and feeling unsafe at discount grocery stores. These perceived costs represented barriers that were perceived as especially salient for the working poor, immigrants, youth living in poverty, and food bank users. Discussion. Low-income families report significant financial barriers to food allergy management and anaphylaxis preparedness. Clinicians, advocacy groups, and EAI manufacturers all have a role to play in ensuring equitable access to medication for low-income individuals with allergies.

Low-Income Families: Fertility Changes in the 1960s

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The 1960S

scholarly journals Movilidad social espacial en los asentamientos informales de Buenos Aires

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Van Gelder ◽  
María Cristina Cravino ◽  
Fernando Ostuni
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Como na maioria das cidades da América Latina, uma das formas de acesso central à terra e à habitação para os setores populares em Buenos Aires é através da criação de assentamentos informais. Este artigo analisa o desenvolvimento da informalidade urbana, os padrões de mobilidade social e trajetórias residenciais em empreendimentos informais e na Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, durante as últimas décadas. Usando a informação quantitativa (gerada com pesquisas próprias) e as informações qualitativas (obtidas através de entrevistas em profundidade, complementadas pela observação de campo), pretende-se mostrar a existência de uma variedade considerável nas perspectivas e estratégias que os atores usam para construir a posse segura de sua casas. Nesta base, além disso, o texto discute como as políticas públicas e marcos legais constituem não só uma condição para o desenvolvimento da informalidade como um fenômeno, mas até mesmo influenciar a forma e as características adquiridas. Palavras-chave: assentamentos informais; mobilidade social; mobilidade residencial; Buenos Aires; política pública. Abstract: As in most Latin American cities, in Buenos Aires one of the most usual ways low income families can access to land and housing is through the creation of informal settlements. This article examines the development of urban informality, patterns of social mobility and residential trajectories into and between informal settlements in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires during the last decades. Using quantitative information (generated with own surveys) and qualitative (obtained through in-depth interviews, supplemented by field observation) we intend to show the existence of a considerable variety in the perspectives and strategies that social actors use to build tenure security of their homes. On this basis, additionally the text discusses how public policies and legal frameworks not only constitute a condition for the development of informality as a phenomenon, but even influence the shape and characteristics acquired. Keywords: informal settlements; social mobility; residential paths; Buenos Aires; public policy.

The Social Background of Prussian Inventors and Entrepreneurs during the First Industrial Revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Alexander Donges ◽  
Felix Selgert
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In this paper, we study the social background of Prussian inventors in the mid-19th century, using biographical information for over 1,500 individuals that filed a patent in Prussia. There are four major findings. First, there is evidence for broadly based inventive activity, including a large number of inventors from middle- and lower-class backgrounds. Second, concerning the role of human capital, we argue that a combination of formal and informal education was crucial for the generation of innovation, though the importance of formal education increased over time. Third, we provide evidence that inventive activity fostered social mobility. Many inventors founded companies after they had filed a patent, suggesting that they could exploit their inventions commercially. Fourth, we show that inventors were highly mobile. Inventors migrated to the commercial centers of Prussia, in particular to Berlin and to the booming cities of the Rhine Province. In this regard, migration of highly skilled individuals may provide an explanation for the strong path-dependency that we observe when studying the geography of innovation and patenting.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN RESILIENSI PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI METODE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Bambang Sutrisno Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Causal Analysis ◽  
Family Control ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Low Income Families

The background of this study is the environmental conditions which are prevalent behavioral deviations and social background of students who come from low-income families, low education and family control is inadequate and learners need to have a level of resilience that is high in order to face the problems of their lives and avoid social deviation behaviors. The method employed in this research was Classroom Action Research, referencing the research design of Kemmis and Mc. Taggart, namely action research regarded as a spiral of the cycles of “Plan, Act, Observe, and Reflect,” which in this research were conducted in three cycles. Based on observations and analysis of the eight indicators of resilience, namely (1) Emotion Regulation; (2) Impulse Control; (3) Optimism; (4) Causal Analysis; (5) Empathy; (6) Self-efficacy; (7) Accomplishments; and (8) Faith and Spirituality, it is known that there is an increased resilience of learners after three cycles of actions, each consisting of two actions. In cycle I, the percentage of students with high resilience was 50%. An increase was observed in the second cycle, where the percentage of students with high resilience rose to 66.67%, and in cycle III all students acquired high resilience (100%). From this research it is known that the use of methods of problem based learning in social studies learning by taking the theme of social deviation can increase the resilience of learners.Keywords: Resilience, Problem Based Learning.

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