scholarly journals Evaluating the sensitivity of a passive diarrheal disease surveillance system during a post-drought

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhlanhla Nhlabatsi ◽  
Vusie Lokotfwako ◽  
Phinda Khumalo ◽  
Siphiwe M. Shongwe-Gama ◽  
Maria Dlamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Health Management Information System ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

ObjectiveTo evaluate the difference in sensitivity between passive and active diarrheal and malnutrition disease surveillance system post-drought period in SwazilandIntroductionOver the past decade Swaziland has experienced recurring drought episodes. In 2016 the country experienced challenges regarding water supplies in both urban and rural areas due to the drought impact. A rapid health and Nutrition Assessment was conducted in 2016 revealed an increase in number of cases of acute watery diarrhea of all age groups. While there is a high demand for epidemiological data in the country a passive system through Health Management Information System (HMIS) and Immediate Disease Notification System (IDNS) has been used to monitor acute watery diarrhea and a set of priority notifiable diseases in the country.MethodsAn active sentinel surveillance system was set up in four regional hospitals for monitoring of all diarrheal cases of the under-fives. A data abstraction form was developed and used to extract data from outpatient registers and inpatient mainly from the children’s ward over a period of 15 weeks. Two surveillance officers trained on Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) collected and analyzed on weekly basis and further compared with data from a passive surveillance system that included the HMIS and IDNS.ResultsWhile acute gastroenteritis was the most prevalent type of diarrheal disease (93%), about 35.5% (1788 in active surveillance vs 1147 passive surveillance) of the cases of diarrheal cases are being underreported in the passive surveillance. Similar observation was made on malnutrition with more than 51% of the cases not reported in passive surveillance (186 cases vs 91 cases).ConclusionsThe process exposed gaps in data collected for passive surveillance and also differing data standards indicating inconsistency and under reporting which may be misleading for public health purposes. Low sensitivity in terms missing cases within the passive surveillance was observed when comparing within the active surveillance sentinel sites. It was also noted that having multiple data sources poses challenges in the country as they provide varying diseases trends and burden estimate.References1. WHO. Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cholera and Other Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System, Niger State, Nigeria-2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adebobola T. Bashorun ◽  
Anthony Ahumibe ◽  
Saliman Olugbon ◽  
Patrick Nguku ◽  
Kabir Sabitu
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Disease Surveillance System

scholarly journals Disease Surveillance by Private Health Providers in Nigeria: A Research Proposal

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusesan A. Makinde ◽  
Clifford O. Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
International Health ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Suspicious Case

A large proportion of Nigerians access healthcare services in private health facilities (PHFs) but the compliance of these PHFs to the mandatory disease surveillance and reporting - a means of implementing the international health regulation of 1969 - has not been established. The recent Ebola outbreak spread to Nigeria and revealed challenges in the efficiency of the surveillance system after a suspicious case presented at a PHF. The impact of an inefficient disease surveillance system can be far reaching. Thus, we propose a study to investigate and understand factors affecting compliance of these PHFs to the country disease surveillance and response system.

scholarly journals Verification of Neonatal Tetanus Surveillance Systems in Katsina State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 233339281772958
Author(s):  
Shafique Sani Nass ◽  
Hadi Danawi ◽  
Loretta Cain ◽  
Monoj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Tetanus ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Record Review

Background: The incidence and mortality rates of neonatal tetanus (NNT) remain underreported in Nigeria. The goal of the study was to compare the NNT prevalence and the mortality rates from the existing surveillance system and active surveillance of health facility records in 7 selected health facilities from 2010 to 2014 in Katsina State, Nigeria. Methods: The study is a retrospective record review using extracted data from NNT records and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of NNT and mortality rate were 336 cases and 3.4 deaths per 100 000 population, respectively, whereas the prevalence of NNT and mortality rate reported through the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system were 111 cases and 1.0 death per 100 000 population, respectively. Conclusion: The study shows underreporting of NNT in the existing IDSR system. Implications: Active surveillance is a good strategy for verifying underreporting of NNT in the surveillance system. The IDSR system should be strengthened with the capacity to detect events associated with a disease toward global elimination.

scholarly journals Advancing GHSA: Lessons learned about strengthening HIS and disease surveillance

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia D. MacDonald ◽  
Niamh Darcy ◽  
Rita Sembajwe ◽  
Eileen Reynolds ◽  
Henry Chidawanyika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Health Information System ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Roll Out

ObjectiveThe objective is to discuss two decades of international experiencein health information and disease surveillance systems strengtheningand synthesize lessons learned as applicable to implementation of theGlobal Health Security Agenda (GHSA).IntroductionRTI International has worked on enhancing health informationand disease surveillance systems in many countries, includingThe Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Guinea, Indonesia,Kenya, Nepal, Philippines, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.Strengthening these systems is critical for all three of the Prevent,Detect and Respond domains within the Global Health SecurityAgenda.We have deep experience in this area, ranging from implementingDistrict Health Information Software (DHIS), electronic medicalrecords, health facility registries, eHealth national strategies,electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response system(eIDSR), mobile real-time malaria surveillance and response, nationalweekly disease surveillance, patient referral system, and communitybased surveillance. These experiences and lessons learned can informwork being done to advance the GHSA.We will discuss several examples, including activities in Zimbabweand Tanzania. RTI has been working in Zimbabwe for over six yearsto strengthen the national health information system. This workhas included the configuration and roll-out of DHIS 2, the nationalelectronic health information system. In doing so, RTI examinedand revitalized the weekly disease surveillance system, improvingdisease reporting timeliness and completeness from 40% to 90%.Additionally, RTI has integrated mobile technology to help morerapidly communicate laboratory test results, a laboratory informationmanagement systems to manage and guide test sample processing,and various other patient level systems in support of health servicedelivery at the local level. This work has involved capacity buildingwithin the ministry of health to allow for sustainable support of healthinformation systems practices and technology and improvements todata dissemination and use practices.Similarly, RTI has worked for more than five years to helpstrengthening the National HIS in Tanzania. These activities haveincluded stakeholder coordination, developing national eHealthstrategy and enterprise architecture, harmonizing indicators,redesigning routine reporting instruments, national DHIS 2 roll-out,information technology infrastructure management and user helpdesk support, reducing the number of parallel information systems,data dissemination and use, development of district health profiles,development of the national health facility registry, and supportingroll-out of the electronic integrated disease surveillance system.MethodsWe will profile selected projects and synthesize critical lessonslearned that pertain to implementation of the GHSA in resourceconstrained countries.ResultsWe will summarize our experience and lessons learned withhealth information and disease surveillance systems strengthening.Topics such as those that relate to advancing the GHSA RealTime Surveillance and Reporting Action Package areas will bediscussed, including: indicator and event based surveillance systems;interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting system;analysis of surveillance data; syndromic surveillance systems;systems for efficient reporting to WHO, FAO and OIE; and reportingnetwork and protocols in country.ConclusionsOur experience working over the past 14 years in 9 countrieson different HIS and disease surveillance system strengtheningprojects has led to a deep understanding of the challenges aroundimplementation of these systems in limited resource settings. Theseexperiences and lessons learned can inform initiatives and programsto advance the GHSA.

scholarly journals Streamlining Disease Surveillance System implementation in Tanzania: Lessons Learnt

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Green Sadru
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Disease Specific ◽  
Global Health Security Agenda

ObjectiveTo support streamlining of VPD surveillance into integrated diseases surveillance and response (IDSR) system in TanzaniaIntroductionTanzania adopted IDSR as the platform for all disease surveillance activities. Today, Tanzania’s IDSR guidelines include surveillance and response protocols for 34 diseases and conditions of public health importance, outlining in detail necessary recording and reporting procedures and activities to be taken at all levels. A total of 15 disease-specific programs/sections in the Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MOHCDGEC) are linked to the IDSR, though the extent to which each program uses IDSR data varies. Over the years, IDSR procedures and the structures that support them have received significant government and external resources to maintain and strengthen detection, notification, reporting and analysis of surveillance information. However, with the imminent phasing out of programs (such as the Polio eradication program) that have supported IDSR strengthening and maintenance in the past, resources for surveillance will become more limited and the government will need to identify additional resources to sustain the country’s essential surveillance functions.Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP), a USAID Funded Program supported MOHCDGEC managing active and passive surveillance systems in improving coordination and strengthen the system taking into consideration declining resources as well as transitioning to polio end game where most of the financial resources were derived from to support vaccine preventable diseases surveillance. The support complements other Global health security agenda (GHSA) on the key thematic areas (Prevent, Detect and Report) support to the MOHCDGEC and working with the newly formed Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to improve response.MethodsBetween February and November 2018, the MOHCDGEC and MCSP undertook activities to generate information for future plans to strengthen Tanzania’s disease surveillance system to address the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA): 1) desk review of country’s disease surveillance 2) meetings with stakeholders involved in surveillance; 3) workshop where stakeholders discussed and developed strategies for streamlining disease surveillance; 4) asset mapping to identify assets (human, financial, physical 5) stakeholders meeting to further discuss and agree on future strategies, activities.ResultsThe Disease surveillance system review found the functions for surveillance being implemented at different levels (Figure 1). These include identifying cases; reporting suspected cases, conditions, or events; investigating and confirming suspected cases, outbreaks and events. To facilitate decision making at different levels, it was found that analysing and response are done at all levels. A total of 15 disease-specific programs/sections in the MOHCDGEC are linked to the IDSR, though the extent to which each program uses IDSR data varies.Key strengths and opportunitiesThe government’s adoption of the IDSR platform and the fact that the MOHCDGEC has a dedicated department to monitor IDSR performance has been a great achievement of the program. The system is fully adaptable to support all disease surveillance with clear supervisory structures in place at regional and council levels. At the operational level there is presence of full-time, competent and dedicated government employees and exhibiting awareness of their responsibilities, and resourcefulness. The entire surveillance program benefits from government and external funding for disease-specific surveillance-related programs (e.g. funds for polio eradication and malaria program).Despite the achievements, there are notable challenges faced by the program including disease-specific programs often requiring additional information and opting to set up parallel surveillance systems rather than integrating with the IDSR; surveillance activities often not being considered high priority at council level relative to curative service and/or surveillance not being a line item in budgets; electronic data transmission platforms not being able to support transmission of all e-IDSR data with the result that health facility data (including diseases for immediate notification) may not get reported in weekly transmissions; high turnover of surveillance staff and unsystematic orientation of newly-deployed staff; discrepancies in reported HMIS, IDSR, and disease-specific program data indicating data quality issues.Asset mapping: At the time of the review, the number of staff available varied widely between programs, with the national laboratory and the National AIDS Control program (NACP) reporting the highest number at council level and Immunization and Vaccine Development (IVD) having significant number of persons supporting vaccine preventable disease surveillance. At the time of the review, most of the funds were allocated in capacity building through training and supportive supervision compared to core surveillance function.Key inteventions to streamlining and harmonizing of surveillance Supported the roll out of electronic IDSR to ensure real time surveillance through DHIS2Supported proceedures to establishement of surveillance expert working group (EWG);Development of Term of reference for EWG to guide implementation of IDSR activitiesDevelopment of transition plan highlighting key stakeholders and the support they provide to strengthening surveillance in the country;Development of workplan to guide implementation of agreed recommendations which includes;1. Coordinating activities of all stakeholders involved in surveillance,2. Developing or advocating for an interoperable and harmonized reporting system through DHIS2 that will accommodate the needs ofthe various disease- and event-surveillance programs,3. Promoting synergies at national level so that active surveillance is expanded as appropriate to other diseases and supports casebased surveillance,4. Building capacity of RHMTs/CHMTs in leadership and management to manage human and financial resources and prioritizesurveillance;5. Coordinating and strengthening disease and event-surveillance at community level by having at least one trained focal person at thecommunity for all disease surveillance.ConclusionsStreamlining and strengthening of the surveillance system could be achieved by existing coordination structures within MOHCDGEC. Strengthening IDSR by implementing an interoperable of reporting systems including integration of laboratory data will achieve harmonization, consistency in data and appropriate response. At the Regional and council level, priority activities identified include strengthening coordination, orientation and training for financial and human resources management for surveillance aimed at strengthening surveillance and response teams. The IDSR should strengthen active surveillance to adopt case based surveillance as deemed appropriate for more diseases. A proposed plan for implementing key activities to achieve integration and streamlining of disease surveillance has been developed and it is hoped that resources will be made available for immediate implementation. 

Incidence of acute myocardial infarction in the workforce: Findings from the Occupational Disease Surveillance System

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-357
Author(s):  
Natalie Troke ◽  
Chloë Logar‐Henderson ◽  
Nathan DeBono ◽  
Mamadou Dakouo ◽  
Selena Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Occupational Disease ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Disease Surveillance System
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