scholarly journals Estimation of Basic Reproduction Number of Enterovirus 71, Coxsackievirus A6 and A16 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Singapore

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Lim ◽  
Lili Jiang ◽  
Li Wei Ang ◽  
Stefan Ma ◽  
Lyn James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Basic reproduction number of coxsackievirus type A6 and A16 and enterovirus 71: estimates from outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore, a tropical city-state

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. K. LIM ◽  
L. JIANG ◽  
S. MA ◽  
L. JAMES ◽  
L. W. ANG
Keyword(s):  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYCoxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) were the major enteroviruses causing nationwide hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics in Singapore in the last decade. We estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) of these enteroviruses to obtain a better understanding of their transmission dynamics. We merged records of cases from HFMD outbreaks reported between 2007 and 2012 with laboratory results from virological surveillance. R0 was estimated based on the cumulative number of reported cases in the initial growth phase of each outbreak associated with the particular enterovirus type. A total of 33 HFMD outbreaks were selected based on the inclusion criteria specified for our study, of which five were associated with CV-A6, 13 with CV-A16, and 15 with EV-A71. The median R0 was estimated to be 5·04 [interquartile range (IQR) 3·57–5·16] for CV-A6, 2·42 (IQR 1·85–3·36) for CV-A16, and 3·50 (IQR 2·36–4·53) for EV-A71. R0 was not significantly associated with number of infected children (P = 0·86), number of exposed children (P = 0·94), and duration of the outbreak (P = 0·05). These enterovirus-specific R0 estimates will be helpful in providing insights into the potential growth of future HFMD epidemics and outbreaks for timely implementation of disease control measures, together with disease dynamics such as severity of the cases.

scholarly journals Basic Reproduction Number of Enterovirus 71 Coxsackievirus A16 and A6: Evidence from Outbreaks of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China between 2011 and 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Zhang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Fengfeng Liu ◽  
Minrui Ren ◽  
Taoran Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Coxsackievirus A16 ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Common Serotypes

Abstract Background Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) are common serotypes causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Analyses on the basic reproduction number (R0) of common pathogens causing HFMD are limited and there are no related studies using field data from outbreaks in mainland China. Methods We estimated the pathogen-specific basic reproduction number based on laboratory-confirmed HFMD outbreaks (clusters of ≥10 HFMD cases) reported to the national surveillance system between 2011 and 2018. The reproduction numbers were calculated using a mathematical model and the cumulative cases during the initial growth periods. Results This study included 539 outbreaks, of which 198 were caused by EV-A71, 316 by CV-A16, and 25 by CV-A6. All 10417 cases involved were children. Assuming the outbreaks occurred in closed systems and the incubation period is 5 days, the median R0s of EV-A71, CV-A16, and CV-A6 were 5.06 [2.81, 10.20], 4.84 [3.00, 9.00] and 5.94 [3.27, 10.00] (Median [IQR]). After adjusting for seroprevalences, the R0s for EV-A71, CV-A16 (optimistic and conservative scenarios), and CV-A6 were 12.60 [IQR: 7.35, 25.40], 9.29 [IQR: 6.01, 19.20], 15.50 [IQR: 9.77, 30.40], and 25.80 [IQR: 14.20, 43.50], respectively. We did not observe changes in the R0s of EV-A71 after vaccine licensure (p-value = 0.67). Conclusions HFMD is highly transmissible when caused by the three most common serotypes. In mainland China, it primarily affects young children. Although a vaccine became available in 2016, we have not yet observed any related changes in the disease dynamics.

Prevalence of Coxsackievirus A6 and Enterovirus 71 in Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Nanjing, China in 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 951-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Qian Hu ◽  
Guang-Cheng Xie ◽  
Dan-Di Li ◽  
Li-Li Pang ◽  
Jing Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Coxsackievirus A6 and enterovirus 71 causing hand, foot and mouth disease in Cuba, 2011–2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 159 (9) ◽  
pp. 2451-2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magilé C. Fonseca ◽  
Luis Sarmiento ◽  
Sonia Resik ◽  
Yenisleidys Martínez ◽  
Lai Heng Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Enterovirus 71 related severe hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks in South-East Asia: current situation and ongoing challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 500-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saraswathy Sabanathan ◽  
Le Van Tan ◽  
Louise Thwaites ◽  
Bridget Wills ◽  
Phan Tu Qui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Surveillance, Epidemiology and Impact of EV-A71 Vaccination on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Nanchang, China, 2010–2019

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenglan He ◽  
Jia Rui ◽  
Zhiqiang Deng ◽  
Yanxia Zhang ◽  
Ke Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Native Strains ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pathogen Spectrum

After the first national-scale outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China, a national surveillance network was established. Here we described the epidemiology and pathogenic profile of HFMD and the impact of EV-A71 vaccination on pathogen spectrum of enteroviruses in the southeastern Chinese city of Nanchang during 2010–2019. A total of 7,951 HFMD cases from sentinel hospitals were included, of which 4,800 EV-positive cases (60.4%) were identified by real-time RT-PCR. During 2010–2012, enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) was the main causative agent of HFMD, causing 63.1% of cases, followed by 19.3% cases associated with coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Since 2013, the proportion of other enteroviruses has increased dramatically, with the sub genotype D3 strain of Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) replacing the dominance of EV-A71. These genetically diverse native strains of CV-A6 have co-transmitted and co-evolved in Nanchang. Unlike EV-A71 and CV-A16, most CV-A6 infections were concentrated in autumn and winter. The incidence of EV-A71 infection negatively correlated with EV-A71 vaccination (r = −0.990, p = 0.01). And severe cases sharply declined as the promotion of EV-A71 vaccines. After 2-year implementation of EV-A71 vaccination, EV-A71 is no longer detected from the reported HFMD cases in Nanchang. In conclusion, EV-A71 vaccination changed the pattern of HFMD epidemic, and CV-A6 replaced the dominance of EV-A71 over time.

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