scholarly journals A REFORMA DA LEI GERAL DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES E SEUS CONSTITUINTES: RISCOS E OPORTUNIDADES PARA UNIVERSALIZAÇÃO DO ACESSO À INTERNET E INCLUSÃO DIGITAL NO BRASIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (54) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Fabricio B Pasquot POLIDO
Keyword(s):  
Internet Access ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Effectiveness Evaluation ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Digital Inclusion ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Telecommunications Law ◽  
Innovation Policies

RESUMOO artigo sugere uma avaliação da proposta de reforma da Lei Geral de Telecomunicações de 1997 no Brasil, segundo o Projeto de Lei nº 79/2016, atualmente em tramitação no Congresso Nacional, e sua compatibilidade com o Marco Civil da Internet e objetivos da agenda global digital. Dentre esses objetivos destacamse a universalização do acesso à internet por banda larga de qualidade e a afirmação do direito de acesso à internet como direito humano. Um balanço de efetividade da LGT e escrutínio dos interesses que movem a iniciativa reformadora em curso também se revelam necessários, especialmente em função dos imperativos de transparência e debate público, centrais aos processos democráticos, e da relação indissociável entre políticas de inclusão digital e de transformação digital no Brasil. Qualquer oportunidade de reforma da LGT igualmente exige uma abertura para integração normativa com o Marco Civil, conducente com a promoção de políticas industriais, tecnológicas e de inovação, aptas a apoiar o incremento das bases educacionais e científicas no país.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Lei Geral de Telecomunicações; Marco Civil da Internet; Agenda Global Digital; Universalização do acesso à internet; Direitos Humanos; Inclusão Digital.  ABSTRACTThe article suggests an evaluation of the current proposed amendment to Brazilian General Telecommunications Law of 1997 by the Bill No. 79/2016, currently pending for approval by the National Congress, and its compatibility with the 2014 ‘Marco Civil da Internet’ and further objectives of the global digital agenda. These objectives include the universalization of Internet access and the affirmation of right to access to the internet as a human right. One should remark the relevance of both an effectiveness’ evaluation of the 1997 Act and the scrutiny of current stakes and lobbies underlying the ongoing legislative initiative, especially in view of pivotal principles of democratic process, such as in transparency and public debate, the inseparable relationship between digital inclusion and digital transformation policies for Brazil. Any opportunity to amend BGTA equally requires the openness toward the normative interplay with Marco Civil da Internet, which may be supportive to the promotion of industrial, technological and innovation policies aimed at increasing of educational and scientific bases in the country. KEYWORDS: General Telecommunications Act; Marco Civil da Internet; Global digital agenda; Universal Internet Access; Human Right; Digital inclusion.

scholarly journals Internet Access as an Independent Human Right: a Palpable Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic?

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-97
Author(s):  
Kunal Bilaney ◽  
Gauri Thampi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
World Order ◽  
Public Access ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
New World Order ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
State Responses

The onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic has established a new world order which is heavily reliant upon the internet for public access to health, education, employment, and recreation among other services. Furthermore, the growing dependence on technology has also been crucial in the battle against the pandemic. However, despite the irreplaceable utility of the technology, state practices have remained divergent in this field. While a multitude of nations have recognized internet access as a fundamental right, many nations imposed unjustified restrictions on their citizens during the pandemic and some even failed to provide affordable access to internet facilities, which has proven to be detrimental to the realisation of basic individual rights. As the world makes a transition from a pandemic, the intensifying reliance upon the internet has given rise to a need to recognise access to the internet as an independent human right. In light of the above, the present paper seeks to elucidate how access to the internet has emerged as a necessity in the backdrop of a pandemic and examine how the differing state responses in this context have been violating individual rights. The paper also delves into how internet access is being dealt with under the existing international and domestic regime. Further, the authors attempt to philosophically justify a human right to internet access and politically conceptualise the same, and argue in favour of recognition of internet access as an independent human right under international law.

scholarly journals Build For All

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katlynn Sverko ◽  
Sean Wise
Keyword(s):  
Internet Access ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Online Resource ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
The Impact

Internet access is being seen more and more as a basic human right. Yet the Internet remains inaccessible for many. Guidelines on accessibility exist, as do penalties for noncompliance, yet 84% of startup websites remain inaccessible. Accessibility is the capacity for individuals to equivalently use goods and services. The purpose of this research is to determine if exposure to an online resource focusing on how to make startups accessible, rather than why, impacts the willingness of individuals to adopt accessible strategies. Through the use of pre- and postsurveys, the impact on willingness was measured and compared to pre-exposure levels. The results suggest that startups may be willing to adopt accessibility guidelines after explicitly being shown how, however a gap still remains between willingness and execution.

Blocking Orders: Assessing Tensions with Human Rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 565-585
Author(s):  
Christophe Geiger ◽  
Elena Izyumenko
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Past ◽  
Blocking Orders ◽  
Copyright Enforcement ◽  
The Eu

In the past few years, the practice of enforcing intellectual property by ordering internet access providers to block infringing websites has been rapidly growing, especially in Europe. European Courts, such as the CJEU and ECtHR, advance several factors to inform—from the perspective of different fundamental rights—the website-blocking practices for copyright enforcement in Europe. This chapter provides an overview of these factors, starting with the freedom of expression framework for website blocking and the rather revolutionary, at least for the European judiciary, concept of user rights that has being construed under it. It then proceeds to discuss the limits of intermediaries’ involvement in digital enforcement dictated by the EU-specific freedom to conduct a business. The required efficacy of the blocking resulting from the human right to property framework for intellectual property is also examined. Potential effects on the website-blocking practices of the recent EU copyright reform are then discussed before concluding.

scholarly journals The Human Right to Free Internet Access

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merten Reglitz
Keyword(s):  
Internet Access ◽  
Human Right

scholarly journals The Human Right to Internet Access: A Philosophical Defense

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Kay Mathiesen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Right To Communicate ◽  
The Right

The United Nations has suggested that access to the Internet is a human right. In this paper, I defend the U.N.’s position against a number of challenges. First, I show that Vinton Cerf’s recent rejection of the human right to the Internet is based on a misunderstanding of the nature and structure of human rights. Second, I argue that the Internet enables the right to communicate, which is a linchpin right, and, thus, states have a duty to see to it that citizens have access to Internet technology. Third, I argue that concerns that the Internet can be used to engage in oppression and imperialism do not show that there is not a human right to it. Rather, it shows that the right to the Internet must be understood as part of a larger system of human rights.

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