Assessing the ground waters of Bulgaria using a Water Quality Index

The study focuses on the quality of shallow groundwater in Bulgaria based on the content of major ions. To be safe for drinking purposes, their concentrations must not exceed the respective thresholds. The groundwater quality is assessed in terms of health hazard by a groundwater quality index (GWQI or WQI), and the respective map is presented. The results show that for the territory of Bulgaria, this index varies from 13 to 92. The highest values of this index (related to health hazard) are typical for the lower hypsometric zone of the country. The shallow groundwater in the zone of active water exchange is distributed as follows: waters of excellent quality, waters of good quality, waters of poor quality, and waters of very poor quality, covering 3%, 39%, 22%, and 31% of the whole area of the country, respectively. In this study, no estimates have been made for 5% of the territory of Bulgaria, which is characterized by the presence of very hard groundwater.

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Association of Physicochemical Characteristics, Aggregate Indices, Major Ions, and Trace Elements in Developing Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) in Agricultural Area

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4562

Author(s):

Hazimah Haspi Harun ◽

Mohamad Roslan Mohamad Kasim ◽

Siti Nurhidayu ◽

Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari ◽

Faradiella Mohd Kusin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Trace Elements ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Major Ions ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Quality Data ◽

Water Quality Data ◽

Groundwater Quality Index

The aim of this study was to propose a groundwater quality index (GWQI) that presents water quality data as a single number and represents the water quality level. The development of the GWQI in agricultural areas is vital as the groundwater considered as an alternative water source for domestic purposes. The insufficiency of the groundwater quality standard in Malaysia revealed the importance of the GWQI development in determining the quality of groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from thirteen groundwater wells in the Northern Kuala Langat and the Southern Kuala Langat regions from February 2018 to January 2019. Thirty-four parameters that embodied physicochemical characteristics, aggregate indicator, major ions, and trace elements were considered in the development of the GWQI. Multivariate analysis has been used to finalize the important parameters by using principal component analysis (PCA). Notably, seven parameters—electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, and chloride were chosen to evaluate the quality of groundwater. The GWQI was then verified by comparing the groundwater quality in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A sensitivity analysis was performed on this index to verify its reliability. The sensitivity GWQI has been analyzed and showed high sensitivity to any changes of the pollutant parameters. The development of GWQI should be beneficial to the public, practitioners, and industries. From another angle, this index can help to detect any form of pollution which ultimately could be minimized by controlling the sources of pollutants.

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Assessment of ground water quality of lahar block, Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh

International Journal of Advanced Geosciences ◽

10.14419/ijag.v3i2.4949 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shashi Kant ◽

Y.V. Singh ◽

Lokesh Kumar Jat ◽

R. Meena ◽

S.N. Singh

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Ground Water ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Madhya Pradesh ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Water Quality Index

In sustainable groundwater study, it is necessary to assess the quality of groundwater in terms of irrigation purposes. The present study attempts to assess the groundwater quality through Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) in hard-rock aquifer system and sustainable water use in Lahar block, Bhind of district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The quality of ground water in major part of the study area is generally good. In order to understand the shallow groundwater quality, the water samples were collected from 40 tube wells irrigation water. The primary physical and chemical parameters like potential Hydrogen (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-), chloride (Cl-), and nitrate (NO3-) were analyzed for (irrigation water quality index ) IWQI. The secondary parameters of irrigation groundwater quality indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Soluble Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), and Kellies Ratio (KR) were also derived from the primary parameter for irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The IWQI was classified into excellent to unfit condition of groundwater quality based on their Water Quality Index (WQI). The IWQI (82.5%+15.0%) indicate that slightly unsustainable to good quality of ground water. Due to this quality deterioration of shallow aquifer, an immediate attestation requires for sustainable development.

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Quality of shallow groundwater and manure effluents in a livestock farm

Journal of Water and Land Development ◽

10.1515/jwld-2016-0012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 59-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sylwester Smoroń

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Drainage Ditch ◽

Significant Deterioration ◽

Research Material ◽

Drinking Purposes ◽

Livestock Buildings ◽

Manure Storage

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the quality of shallow groundwater on the site pens and runoff from livestock manure heaps, in three selected farms involved in animal production and vegetable crops in the area of Plateau Proszowice. The analysis mainly included water from farm wells and effluents from manure. Additionally, water from drainage ditch running nearby farms was collected, before inflow of effluent (i.e. ditch water without manure effluent) and below inflow of effluent from heap of manure (i.e. ditch water containing manure effluent). Samples of the research material were collected from April 2012 to March 2014 at monthly intervals and analysed for the content of NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, K, Na and Cl. Based on the obtained results it was found that water from the farm wells near the livestock buildings and from manure storage sites, was heavily polluted by the majority of these contaminants. The highest concentration of these pollutants, except for the NO3-N, was found in manure effluent – it exceeded a few dozen to a few hundred to any standards for water quality. There was also a significant deterioration in the quality of drainage ditch water because of the penetration of contaminants into ditch water from heaps of improperly stored manure. The water of the farm wells was characterized by excessive concentrations of NO3-N which disqualified it for drinking purposes.

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An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches

Journal of Geochemical Exploration ◽

10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.11.007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 14-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Khanoranga ◽

Sofia Khalid

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Brick Kilns ◽

Drinking Purposes ◽

Statistical Approaches

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Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ◽

10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 176 ◽

pp. 153-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Narsimha Adimalla ◽

Hui Qian

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Health Risk ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Human Health ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Quality Evaluation ◽

South India ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Drinking Purposes

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Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality evaluation of shallow groundwater in Suxian mining area, Huaibei coalfield, China

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology ◽

10.1007/s40789-020-00365-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 825-835

Author(s):

Hao Yu ◽

Herong Gui ◽

Honghai Zhao ◽

Meichen Wang ◽

Jun Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Major Ions ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Mining Area ◽

Water Quality Evaluation ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Silicate Dissolution ◽

Huaibei Coalfield ◽

Main Factor

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water environmental quality of shallow groundwater in the Suxian mining area of Huaibei coalfield, China. The natural formation process of shallow groundwater in Suxian is explored using Piper trilinear charts and Gibbs diagrams, and by examining the ratios between the major ions. United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) charts, Wilcox diagrams, and the water quality index (WQI) are further employed to quantify the differences in water quality. The results reveal that the main hydrochemical facies of groundwater are HCO3–Ca, and that silicate dissolution is the main factor controlling the ion content in shallow groundwater. The USSL charts and Wilcox diagrams show that most of the water samples would be acceptable for use in irrigation systems. The WQI results for each water sample are compared and analyzed, and the quality of groundwater samples around collapse ponds is found to be relatively poor.

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Identification of the Hydrogeochemical Processes and Assessment of Groundwater Quality, Using Multivariate Statistical Approaches and Water Quality Index in a Wastewater Irrigated Region

Water ◽

10.3390/w11081702 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1702 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ana Elizabeth Marín Celestino ◽

José Alfredo Ramos Leal ◽

Diego Armando Martínez Cruz ◽

José Tuxpan Vargas ◽

Josue De Lara Bashulto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Wastewater Irrigation ◽

Hydrogeochemical Processes ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Drinking Purposes ◽

The Impact ◽

Cluster 2

Groundwater quality and availability are essential for human consumption and social and economic activities in arid and semiarid regions. Many developing countries use wastewater for irrigation, which has in most cases led to groundwater pollution. The Mezquital Valley, a semiarid region in central Mexico, is the largest agricultural irrigation region in the world, and it has relied on wastewater from Mexico City for over 100 years. Limited research has been conducted on the impact of irrigation practices on groundwater quality on the Mezquital Valley. In this study, 31 drinking water wells were sampled. Groundwater quality was determined using the water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes. The hydrogeochemical process and the spatial variability of groundwater quality were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering multivariate geostatistical tools. This study highlights the value of combining various approaches, such as multivariate geostatistical methods and WQI, for the identification of hydrogeochemical processes in the evolution of groundwater in a wastewater irrigated region. The PCA results revealed that salinization and pollution (wastewater irrigation and fertilizers) followed by geogenic sources (dissolution of carbonates) have a significant effect on groundwater quality. Groundwater quality evolution was grouped into cluster 1 and cluster 2, which were classified as unsuitable (low quality) and suitable (acceptable quality) for drinking purposes, respectively. Cluster 1 is located in wastewater irrigated zones, urban areas, and the surroundings of the Tula River. Cluster 2 locations are found in recharge zones, rural settlements, and seasonal agricultural fields. The results of this study strongly suggest that water management strategies that include a groundwater monitoring plan, as well as research-based wastewater irrigation regulations, in the Mezquital Valley are warranted.

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