Obesity, Lung Cancer, and The Paradox of its Association: A Narrative Review

Background: The obesity rate in Indonesia always increases every year. RISKESDAS (Indonesian National Health Research Data) 2007, 2013 and 2018 showed that obesity rate is always increasing in Indonesia. Lung cancer is the most common cancer in Indonesia which causes death. Objective: This review aims to explain various diseases which are associated with obesity, risk factors of lung cancer and the association between them. Methods: Literature search was conducted in pubmed and textbooks regarding obesity and lung cancer risk factors. The literature search on association between obesity and lung cancer was done in pubmed with the keyword "(Lung Cancer [Title]) AND (Obesity [Title])". Results: Based on the research conducted, it was found that obesity was associated with various diseases including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer risk, mood disorders, heart disease, hypertension, liver disease, and reproductive disorders. Furthermore, there are various risk factors for lung cancer, including gender, genetics, tobacco use, and exposure to toxic agents. The association between obesity and lung cancer is a paradoxical phenomenon that occurs, in which obese patients have a lower risk of developing lung cancer based on the meta-analysis research (RR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.73-0.85). Conclusion: Obesity can increase the risk of various diseases, and lung cancer which is one of the most common cancers in Indonesia also has various risk factors. However, current clinical research studies have shown that obesity actually reduces the risk of lung cancer. Thus we advise researchers around the world to further enhance experimental research either in clinical or laboratory about the body mechanisms that can explain this phenomenon. Regardless of this paradox association, we also suggest that the public should keep on controlling body weight because of the risk of various diseases associated with obesity.

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Early Mortality in Patients with Lung Cancer: Risk Factors for Death within 30 Days or 60 Days of Initial Diagnosis

10.1055/s-0039-1678204 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

A Tufman ◽

S Schneiderbauer ◽

D Kauffmann-Guerrero ◽

F Manapov ◽

C Schneider ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Early Mortality ◽

Initial Diagnosis ◽

Cancer Risk Factors

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A case control study of lung cancer risk factors in Xuanwei

Lung Cancer ◽

10.1016/0169-5002(89)90228-6 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 37-38

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Control Study

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Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

10.20944/preprints202004.0074.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Amir Shamshirian ◽

Keyvan Heydari ◽

Zahra Shams ◽

Amir Reza Aref ◽

Danial Shamshirian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Stress Condition ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Daily Exercise ◽

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

To systematically investigate the epidemiology of breast cancer risk factors in Iran, we performed a systematic search via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Persian databases for identifying studies published on breast cancer risk factors up to March 2019. Meta-analyses were done for risk factors reported in more than one study. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a fixed/random-effects models.Thirty-nine studies entered into the meta-analysis. Pooling of ORs showed a significant harmful effect for risk factors including family history (OR: 1.80, 95%CI 1.47-2.12), HRT (OR: 5.48, 95%CI 0.84-1.74), ER positive (OR: 1.87, 95%CI 1.41-2.33), PR positive (OR: 1.84, 95%CI 1.38-2.29), stress condition (OR: 2.67, 95%CI 1.84-3.50), passive smokers (OR: 1.68, 95%CI 1.34-2.03), full-term pregnancy at age 30 (OR: 3.41, 95%CI 1.19-5.63), abortion (OR: 1.84, 95%CI 1.35-2.33), sweets consumption (OR: 1.71, 95%CI 1.32-2.11) and genotype Arg/Arg (crude OR: 1.59, 95%CI 1.07-2.10), whereas a significant protective effect for late menarche (OR: 0.58, 95%CI 0.32-0.83), nulliparity (OR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.39-0.96), 13 to 24 months of breastfeeding (OR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.46-0.90), daily exercise (OR: 0.59, 95%CI 0.44-0.73) and vegetable consumption (crude OR: 0.28, 95%CI 0.10-0.46).This study suggest that factors such as family history, HRT, ER and PR positive status, stress condition, passive smokers, late full-term pregnancy, abortion, sweets consumption and genotype Arg/Arg might increase risk of breast cancer development, whereas late menarche, nulliparity, 13-24 months breastfeeding, daily exercise and vegetable consumption had an inverse association with breast cancer development.

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Node-Positive Segmentectomy for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Risk Factors and Outcomes

Clinical Lung Cancer ◽

10.1016/j.cllc.2019.03.006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. e463-e469 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Waseem Lutfi ◽

Matthew J. Schuchert ◽

Rajeev Dhupar ◽

Chigozirim Ekeke ◽

Inderpal S. Sarkaria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Node Positive

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P-294 Interactions of lung cancer risk factors in women

Lung Cancer ◽

10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80788-3 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. S192

Author(s):

A. Kubik ◽

P. Zatloukal ◽

L. Tomasek ◽

N. Pauk ◽

L. Havel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk Factors

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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of lung cancer risk factors in West Bandung Society

Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences ◽

10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_213_19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 574

Author(s):

Ajeng Diantini ◽

MallyG Sholih ◽

DyahA Perwitasari ◽

Rini Hendriani ◽

Hadyana Sukandar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

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Kenyan Youth Understanding of Cancer, Cancer Risk and Cancer Prevention: An Ethnographic Study

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.18.11600 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽

pp. 15s-15s

Author(s):

D. Busolo ◽

R.L. Woodgate ◽

T. Hack ◽

K. Decker

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Prevention ◽

Ethnographic Study ◽

The Body ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Study Results

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality continues to rise worldwide including in Kenya. Among the groups that are likely to get cancer in future are Kenyan youth that engage in behavior that can increase their lifetime cancer risk. Despite this awareness, little is known about Kenyan youth's understanding of cancer, cancer risk, and cancer prevention. Such awareness is needed to inform germane cancer prevention and health promotion initiatives. Aim: The purpose of this ethnographic study was to explore Kenyan youth's understanding of cancer, cancer risk, and cancer prevention. Methods: Fifty-three youth (ages 12-19) took part in individual interviews and focus group discussions. Results: In their conceptualization of cancer, youth described cancer in ways that are grouped into two themes: there is no other disease like it and lay understanding through metaphors. In their conceptualization of cancer risk, youth described cancer in ways that are grouped as cancer risk as lifestyle factors and the process of risk perception. Finally, in conceptualization of cancer prevention, youth described cancer prevention in ways that are grouped into the following themes: avoiding cancer risk factors, avoiding peers who partake in risk factors, and being healthy. Conclusion: This study is the first of its kind to be conducted in Kenya and adds to the body of knowledge in this area. Despite limited cancer control plans, youth described the grim consequences of getting cancer, their chances of getting the disease, and proposed opportunities for prevention. The study results will create a platform for future cancer prevention research and health promotion programs in Kenya and other part of Africa.

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