scholarly journals E-Learning’s “De Facto” Implementation Probabilities in Educational Sector: A Preliminary Estimation if Confinement Should Be Extended in Covid-19 Crisis Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Semliko Fulbert DOSSOU
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Quality Performance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Hybrid Education ◽  
The World ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Electricity Access

Background: Before the Covid-19 breakout, some debates' subjects were left hanging in the education area: the E-Learning integration. With the pandemic impact (making closed almost all schools in the same month), the debate gained again importance. Among the temporal Anti-Covid-19 measures adopted, was the replacement of classic education by distance-online education.Purpose: This article attempted a preliminary estimate related to the probabilities of E-learning’s ‘‘de facto’’ implementation in different countries groups of the world if the confinement should be extended in Covid-19 crisis context.Methods/Approach: The probabilistic method was adopted to analyze 143 countries including (49 High income, 40 upper-middle-income, 33 lower-middle-income, and 21 low-income economies). The main variables (related to E-learning), collected from official sources in the Covid-19 period were: Access-to-electricity, Access-to-Internet, Access-to-Multimedia-Devices (Personal-Computer, Tablet and/or Smartphone).Results: Results showed that the probabilities of E-learning's ''de facto'' implementation would be around 0.6502 in the world, 0.8731 in High-Incomes, 0.7075 in Upper-Middle-Incomes, 0.5272 in Lower-Middle-Incomes, and 0.2950 in Low-Income economies.Originality/value: (1) In the past, "suddenly closing almost all schools in the world" would be inadmissible. Everyone can henceforth believe in that eventuality after the experience with Covid-19. In this context, this research shows the need to reconsider E-learning or at least, a new hybrid education model as a "plan B" for future times. Thanks to technological integration, online and traditional education could go hand in hand, even after the Covid-19. (2) This study reminds the importance of speeding up the resolution of certain thorny (pending) problems such as access to energy and the development of educational infrastructure in certain regions of the world. The quality, performance and success of the educational component depend on it.

scholarly journals Low numeracy is associated with poor financial well-being around the world

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260378
Author(s):  
Wändi Bruine de Bruin ◽  
Paul Slovic
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All

Numeracy refers to the ability to use numbers, including converting percentages (e.g., 10%) into absolute frequencies (e.g., 1 in 10). Studies have suggested that numeracy is correlated to financial outcomes, suggesting its relevance to financial decisions. However, almost all research on numeracy has been conducted in high-income countries in Europe and North America. Our analyses suggest that low numeracy is much more common in low-income countries, thus potentially threatening the financial well-being of the world’s poorest. We analyzed data from the Lloyd’s Register Foundation World Risk Poll, which assessed basic numeracy in 141 countries, including 21 low-income, 34 lower middle income, 43 upper middle income, and 43 high-income countries. Numeracy was associated with being among the poorest 20% of one’s country, and with difficulty living on one’s income, even after accounting for income, education, and demographics. These findings underscore the importance of worldwide numeracy education.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

A worldwide survey of retinopathy of prematurity screening

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin S Mora ◽  
Christopher Waite ◽  
Clare E Gilbert ◽  
Brenda Breidenstein ◽  
John J Sloper
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Rop Screening

BackgroundTo ascertain which countries in the world have retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening programmes and guidelines and how these were developed.MethodsAn email database was created and requests were sent to ophthalmologists in 141 nations to complete an online survey on ROP screening in their country.ResultsRepresentatives from 92/141 (65%) countries responded. 78/92 (85%) have existing ROP screening programmes, and 68/78 (88%) have defined screening criteria. Some countries have limited screening and those areas which have no screening or for which there is inadequate knowledge are mainly Southeast Asia, Africa and some former Soviet states.DiscussionWith the increasing survival of premature babies in lower-middle-income and low-income countries, it is important to ensure that adequate ROP screening and treatment is in place. This information will help organisations focus their resources on those areas most in need.

scholarly journals A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ahlberg ◽  
Delia Grace ◽  
Gideon Kiarie ◽  
Yumi Kirino ◽  
Johanna Lindahl
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a human carcinogen, is found in milk products and may have potentially severe health impacts on milk consumers. We assessed the risk of cancer and stunting as a result of AFM1 consumption in Nairobi, Kenya, using worst case assumptions of toxicity and data from previous studies. Almost all (99.5%) milk was contaminated with AFM1. Cancer risk caused by AFM1 was lower among consumers purchasing from formal markets (0.003 cases per 100,000) than for low-income consumers (0.006 cases per 100,000) purchasing from informal markets. Overall cancer risk (0.004 cases per 100,000) from AFM1 alone was low. Stunting is multifactorial, but assuming only AFM1 consumption was the determinant, consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1 levels found in this study could contribute to 2.1% of children below three years in middle-income families, and 2.4% in low-income families, being stunted. Overall, 2.7% of children could hypothetically be stunted due to AFM1 exposure from milk. Based on our results AFM1 levels found in milk could contribute to an average of −0.340 height for age z-score reduction in growth. The exposure to AFM1 from milk is 46 ng/day on average, but children bear higher exposure of 3.5 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day compared to adults, at 0.8 ng/kg bw/day. Our paper shows that concern over aflatoxins in milk in Nairobi is disproportionate if only risk of cancer is considered, but that the effect on stunting children might be much more significant from a public health perspective; however, there is still insufficient data on the health effects of AFM1.

Clientelism and Democracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-435
Author(s):  
Jamie M. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are rapidly increasing across the world. While national governments are usually seen as having the power, authority, and ability to make significant reductions in their CO2 outputs, cross-national research rarely focuses on the institutional structures of states that moderate their CO2 emissions. Previous research that focuses on internal state factors largely focus on democracy and find wildly conflicting results. This research argues that clientelism is a missing piece of the puzzle in explaining how democracy impacts CO2 emissions. Building on the extant contradictory research, the present study uses two-way fixed effects regression analysis for 150 nations from 1971-2014 to understand how the interaction between clientelism and democracy impacts CO2 emissions. The findings reveal that controlling for clientelism reduces CO2 outputs more in high-income and low-income nations with higher levels of participatory democracy. However, the interaction is not statistically significant for all nations, nor for middle-income nations. These results suggest that reducing clientelist relationships in nations with high- and low-incomes, but not middle incomes will make participatory democracies more effective at reducing CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Distributing development assistance for health: simulating the implications of 11 criteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-263
Author(s):  
Trygve Ottersen ◽  
Suerie Moon ◽  
John-Arne Røttingen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Assistance For Health ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Almost All

AbstractAfter years of unprecedented growth in development assistance for health (DAH), the DAH system is challenged on several fronts: by the economic downturn and stagnation of DAH, by the epidemiological transition and increase in non-communicable diseases and by the economic transition and rise of the middle-income countries. Central to any potent response is a fair and effective allocation of DAH across countries. A myriad of criteria has been proposed or is currently used, but there have been no comprehensive assessment of their distributional implications. We simulated the implications of 11 quantitative allocation criteria across countries and country categories. We found that the distributions varied profoundly. The group of low-income countries received most DAH from needs-based criteria linked to domestic capacity, while the group of upper-middle-income countries was most favoured by an income-inequality criterion. Compared to a baseline distribution guided by gross national income per capita, low-income countries received less DAH by almost all criteria. The findings can inform funders when examining and revising the criteria they use, and provide input to the broader debate about what criteria should be used.

Multilateral governance will advance despite obstacles

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Host Government ◽  
Risk Insurance

Subject Reforming the multilateral development banks. Significance The multilateral development bank (MDB) system has resisted pressure on the international order from US nationalism, but the multiplication of MDBs has considerably reduced their collective effectiveness. This fragmentation is preventing them from adapting to global challenges and harnessing private capital for development. The World Bank spring meeting will consider the proposals that the G20 is exploring. Most do not entail institutional change, but others could pave the way for significant reforms. Impacts The ongoing debate about the World Bank’s need for a capital increase will be peripheral to the larger discussion on MDB system reform. If implemented, a cross-MDB risk insurance platform would create a one-stop shop for investors and opportunities for private reinsurers. System-wide securitisation would create new asset classes and expand opportunities for institutional investors. In-country MDB coordination platforms would boost host government ownership of projects in middle-income and stable low-income countries. Estimates suggest that one dollar of capital paid into MDBs can translate into 50 dollars of public investment if allocated effectively.

scholarly journals The psycho-pedagogical profile of a tutor in e-learning

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Maria Goga
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Training Module ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
The World ◽  
E Learning ◽  
New Type ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Phd Thesis

In a society based on knowledge, in a continuous economic social and educational changing, there is the need of qualified people to cope with the avalanche of new innovative ideas. The labour market in Europe and around the world increasingly requires highly trained and qualified personnel to meet the requirements of rapid technological change in almost all the areas of life. Teaching virtually is different that teaching face-to-face. In this article we make a summary of the research done within the context of the PhD thesis of the author which investigates this new type of learning and skills and it manages staff roles - tutors - and suggests in this regard a training module for this new profession. The research was performed with institutions from Romania and from other countries in Europe, U.S.A., and Asia.

Water Supply, Sanitation, and the Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Vijay Jagannathan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World

Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 (SDG 6) has committed all nations of the world to achieving ambitious water supply and sanitation targets by 2030 to meet the universal basic needs of humans and the environment. Many lower-middle-income countries and all low-income countries face an uphill challenge in achieving these ambitious targets. The cause of poor performance is explored, some possible ways to accelerate progress toward achieving SDG 6 are suggested. The analysis will be of interest to a three-part audience: (a) readers with a general interest on how SDG 6 can be achieved; (b) actors with policy interest on improving water supply and safe sanitation (WSS) service issues; and (c) activists skeptical of conventional WSS policy prescriptions who advocate out-of-the-box solutions to improve WSS delivery.

Internet Use around the World: An Empirical Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-699
Author(s):  
Minh Dao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Computer Access ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Internet Application ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract This paper empirically assesses the effect of the determinants of Internet use, using several samples of both developed and developing countries. Based on a sample of 23 low-income economies in 2015, we find that Internet use depends upon computer access. Using a sample of 38 lower middle-income countries we find that Internet use depends upon Internet quality and Internet affordability. Using a sample of 41 upper middle-income countries, we find that computer access and Internet affordability influence Internet use. From a sample of 45 high-income countries, we are able to show that computer access, Internet quality, and affordability do affect Internet use. Using a sample of thirty oecd countries, we find that Internet use depends upon computer access and Internet quality. When a sample of 150 developing and developed countries is used, results show that Internet use is influenced by computer access, Internet quality, Internet affordability, and Internet application.

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