scholarly journals Measuring Method of Snow water Content

1952 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-124_1
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Snow Water

scholarly journals Large scale snow water equivalent status monitoring: comparison of different snow water products in the upper Colorado Basin

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 5127-5139 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Artan ◽  
J. P. Verdin ◽  
R. Lietzow
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Passive Microwave ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Trmm Precipitation ◽  
Colorado Basin

Abstract. We illustrate the ability to monitor the status of snow water content over large areas by using a spatially distributed snow accumulation and ablation model that uses data from a weather forecast model in the upper Colorado Basin. The model was forced with precipitation fields from the National Weather Service (NWS) Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimator (MPE) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data-sets; remaining meteorological model input data were from NOAA's Global Forecast System (GFS) model output fields. The simulated snow water equivalent (SWE) was compared to SWEs from the Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) and SNOwpack TELemetry system (SNOTEL) over a region of the western US that covers parts of the upper Colorado Basin. We also compared the SWE product estimated from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) to the SNODAS and SNOTEL SWE data-sets. Agreement between the spatial distributions of the simulated SWE with MPE data was high with both SNODAS and SNOTEL. Model-simulated SWE with TRMM precipitation and SWE estimated from the passive microwave imagery were not significantly correlated spatially with either SNODAS or the SNOTEL SWE. Average basin-wide SWE simulated with the MPE and the TRMM data were highly correlated with both SNODAS (r = 0.94 and r = 0.64; d.f. = 14 – d.f. = degrees of freedom) and SNOTEL (r = 0.93 and r = 0.68; d.f. = 14). The SWE estimated from the passive microwave imagery was significantly correlated with the SNODAS SWE (r = 0.55, d.f. = 9, p = 0.05) but was not significantly correlated with the SNOTEL-reported SWE values (r = 0.45, d.f. = 9, p = 0.05).The results indicate the applicability of the snow energy balance model for monitoring snow water content at regional scales when coupled with meteorological data of acceptable quality. The two snow water contents from the microwave imagery (SMMR and SSM/I) and the Utah Energy Balance forced with the TRMM precipitation data were found to be unreliable sources for mapping SWE in the study area; both data sets lacked discernible variability of snow water content between sites as seen in the SNOTEL and SNODAS SWE data. This study will contribute to better understanding the adequacy of data from weather forecast models, TRMM, and microwave imagery for monitoring status of the snow water content.

scholarly journals Retrieval of Snow Water Equivalent, Liquid Water Content, and Snow Height of Dry and Wet Snow by Combining GPS Signal Attenuation and Time Delay

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 4465-4487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Koch ◽  
Patrick Henkel ◽  
Florian Appel ◽  
Lino Schmid ◽  
Heike Bach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Signal Attenuation ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Snow Water

scholarly journals Comparison of Areal Snow Storage Sampling Procedures for Rangeland Watersheds

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Rawls ◽  
T. J. Jackson ◽  
J. F. Zuzel
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Snow Storage ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Reynolds Creek ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Sampling Procedures

The accuracy of photogrammetry in determining snow depth in mountainous rangeland watersheds was evaluated on a 0.41-km2 subbasin of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, located in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. Random checking of over 50 points indicated that at a photo scale of 1:6000, snow depths were determined with a standard error of ± 15 cm for a mean snow depth of 1.2 m. On the average, only 6% of the snow depths less than 15.2 cm were photogrammetrically determined to be negative, and these were generally during the late melt season. The lag time between photography and the usable result and the need for a field survey to set ground control for each flight relegates this technique to a research tool, rather than an operational forecasting tool. Preliminary evaluation of snow water content on the watershed showed the water content varied according to aspect and deep drift locations. The deep drifts usually had a 6% greater snow water content than the nondrift areas. Simple random, random stratified and two systems of square grids orientated in different directions were tested to determine the best sampling system to determine mean areal snow depth for a watershed. The grid system orientated in the direction of the predominant wind required fewer samples to produce the same accuracy for the snow cover ranging from 100 to 17%.

scholarly journals A portable calorimeter for measuring liquid-water content of wet snow

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhisa Kawashima ◽  
Toru Endo ◽  
Yukari Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Insulating Materials ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Snow Water

In order to facilitate the measurement of liquid-water content of snow in high mountains, a portable calorimeter named “Endo-type snow-water content meter” was developed. It is composed of a metal-coated container made of insulating materials and a lid of the container with a small-thermistor thermometer. Its strong points are its light weight, small size and easy fabrication with cheap materials. The total weight of the device is as light as 250 g, which is less than 10% of the snow-water content meter widely used in Japan (Akitaya-type snow-water content meter). The results of experiments have revealed that the device is capable of measuring the liquid-water content within 2 minutes with an accuracy of 2% by weight.

WATER CONTENT MEASURING METHOD OF RECLAIMED GYPSUMS DERIVED FROM WASTE PLASTERBOARDS FOCUSING ON SOLUBILITY OF WATER TO GLYCEROL

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Hiroaki SANO ◽  
Hidekazu MORIOKA ◽  
Hiroshi KAWAMITSU ◽  
Mikio YAMADA ◽  
Nozomu KOTAKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Measuring Method

Snow Wetness Influence on Impulse Radar Snow Surveys Theoretical and Laboratory Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lundberg ◽  
H. Thunehed
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Snow Water

The snow-water equivalent of late-winter snowpack is of utmost importance for hydropower production in areas where a large proportion of the reservoir water emanates from snowmelt. Impulse radar can be used to estimate the snow-water equivalent of the snowpack and thus the expected snowmelt discharge. Impulse radar is now in operational use in some Scandinavian basins. With radar technology the radar wave propagation time in the snowpack is converted into snow-water equivalent with help of a parameter usually termed the a-value. Use of radar technology during late winter brings about risk for measurements on wet snow. The a-value for dry snow cannot be used directly for wet snow. We have found that a liquid-water content of 5% (by volume) reduces the a-value by approximately 20%. In this paper an equation, based on snow density and snow liquid water content, for calculation of wet-snow a-value is presented.

Field evaluation of a new method for estimation of liquid water content and snow water equivalent of wet snowpacks with GPR

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Sundström ◽  
David Gustafsson ◽  
Andrey Kruglyak ◽  
Angela Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) with ground-penetrating radar can be used to calibrate and validate measurements of SWE over large areas conducted from satellites and aircrafts. However, such radar estimates typically suffer from low accuracy in wet snowpacks due to a built-in assumption of dry snow. To remedy the problem, we suggest determining liquid water content from path-dependent attenuation. We present the results of a field evaluation of this method which demonstrate that, in a wet snowpack between 0.9 and 3 m deep and with about 5 vol% of liquid water, liquid water content is underestimated by about 50% (on average). Nevertheless, the method decreases the mean error in SWE estimates to 16% compared to 34% when the presence of liquid water in snow is ignored and 31% when SWE is determined directly from two-way travel time and calibrated for manually measured snow density.

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