Limits of punishability of theft of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances

Author(s):  
Ольга Александровна Беларева

В статье рассматриваются вопросы влияния формы хищения, его квалифицирующих признаков на определение законодателем пределов наказуемости хищения наркотических средств. Автор выделил некоторые недостатки, допущенные при конструировании уголовно-правовой нормы, предусматривающей ответственность за хищение наркотических средств. В статье рассмотрены некоторые конкретные ситуации, демонстрирующие парадоксальность решения законодателя отказаться от конкретизации форм хищения при квалификации по ст. 229 УК РФ и установить единую систему квалифицирующих признаков для всех способов изъятия наркотических средств. Критическую оценку получило расширительное толкование Верховным судом РФ квалифицирующего признака «с использованием служебного положения». С одной стороны, такое понимание данного признака ставит под сомнение возможность квалификации по ч. 1 ст. 229 УК РФ хищения наркотических средств в форме присвоения или растраты, поскольку сразу переводит на квалификацию по п. «в» ч. 2 ст. 229 УК РФ. С другой стороны, при таком подходе присвоение и растрата наркотических средств становятся более опасным хищением, чем открытый ненасильственный грабеж. Автор также отмечает, что возможности суда по учету степени общественной опасности хищения наркотических средств в форме разбоя существенно ограничены. Единые пределы наказуемости не позволяют в должной мере учесть признаки, повышающие степень опасности такого хищения. Автор приходит к выводу, что ст. 229 УК РФ нуждается в корректировке, как в части формулирования диспозиций, так и в части пересмотра санкций, с учетом существенно различающегося характера и степени общественной опасности предусмотренных в ней деяний. The article deals with the influence of the form of theft, its qualifying features on the determination by the legislator of the limits of punishability of theft of narcotic drugs. The author highlighted some shortcomings in the construction of criminal law, providing for liability for theft of drugs. The article deals with some specific situations that demonstrate the paradoxical decision of the legislator to refuse to specify the forms of theft in the qualification of Art. 229 of the Criminal Code and to establish a uniform system of qualifying signs for all seizures of narcotic drugs. Critical assessment received broad interpretation by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation qualifying feature “using official position”. On the one hand, this understanding of this feature casts doubt on the possibility of qualification under part 1 of article 229 of the criminal code of theft of drugs in the form of appropriation or embezzlement, as immediately translates to the qualification under pt. 2 of Art. 229 of the Criminal Code. On the other hand, with this approach, the appropriation and embezzlement of drugs become more dangerous theft than open nonviolent robbery. The author also notes that the court's ability to take into account the degree of public danger of theft of drugs in the form of robbery is significantly limited. Uniform limits of punishability do not allow to take into account properly the signs increasing degree of danger of such plunder. The analysis of questions of punishability of theft of narcotic drugs convinces that Art. 229 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation needs correction, both regarding formulation of dispositions, and regarding revision of sanctions, taking into account essentially differing character and degree of public danger of the acts provided in it.

Author(s):  
Виктор Александрович Шеслер

В статье рассматриваются квалифицирующие отягчающие наказание обстоятельства хищения наркотических средств или психотропных веществ. Акцентируется внимание на том, что хищением наркотиков группой лиц может признаваться хищение, в выполнении объективной стороны которого принимали участие не менее двух исполнителей, являющихся субъектами преступления со ст. 19 УК РФ. Критикуется позиция Пленума Верховного cуда о вменении квалифицирующего отягчающего обстоятельства - совершение хищения организованной группой, в тех случаях, когда объективную сторону преступления выполнял только один из участников организованной группы. Уточняется круг лиц, использующих свое служебное положение при хищении наркотиков. Раскрываются насильственные формы хищения наркотиков. Поднимается проблема определения размера наркотических средств или психотропных веществ, находящихся в смеси. The article considers the qualifying aggravating circumstances of theft of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. Attention is drawn to the fact that the theft of drugs by a group of persons can be recognized as theft, in the implementation of the objective side of which, at least two performers who meet the requirements specified in article 19 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation participated. The article criticizes the position of the Plenum of the Supreme Court on imputing a qualifying aggravating circumstance - the Commission of theft by an organized group, in cases where only one of the participants of the organized group performed the objective side of the crime. Specifies the number of people who use their official position when stealing drugs. Violent forms of drug theft are revealed. The problem of determining the size of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances in the mixture is raised.


Author(s):  
Ольга Александровна Беларева

В статье рассматриваются вопросы квалификации и связанной с ней наказуемости хищения наркотических средств, совершенного с незаконным проникновением в жилище. В научной литературе и разъяснениях Пленума Верховного суда РФ отсутствуют рекомендации по вопросам юридической оценки таких хищений. Это можно объяснить небольшим количеством таких преступлений. Однако они встречаются, и практику квалификации хищений наркотических средств только по ст. 229 УК РФ без совокупности со ст. 139 УК РФ нельзя признать правильной. Автор выделил две группы хищений наркотических средств, совершенных с незаконным проникновением в жилище, на конкретных примерах рассмотрел встречающиеся в приговорах варианты квалификации. В статье указывается, что на законодательном и правоприменительном уровнях отсутствует уголовно-правовая охрана неприкосновенности жилища в случаях хищения наркотических средств с незаконным проникновением в него. Предложение о дополнении ст. 229 УК РФ квалифицирующим признаком «с незаконным проникновением в жилище» автор расценивает как криминологически необоснованное. Наиболее оптимальным способом отражения повышенной общественной опасности рассматриваемого хищения является квалификация по совокупности преступлений, предусмотренных ст. 229 и ст. 139 УК РФ. The article deals with the issues of qualification and related punishability of theft of narcotic drugs committed with illegal entry into the home. In the scientific literature and explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, there are no recommendations on the legal assessment of such embezzlement. This can be explained by a small number of such crimes. However, they meet and practice the skill of theft of drugs only by Art. 229 of the Criminal Code without conjunction with Art. 139 of the Criminal Code cannot be considered correct. The author identified two groups of theft of narcotic drugs committed with illegal entry into the home, and considered specific examples of the types of qualification found in the sentences. The article states that at the legislative and law enforcement levels, there is no criminal legal protection of the inviolability of the home in cases of theft of narcotic drugs with illegal entry into it. The author regards the proposal to add Art. 229 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a qualifying feature “with illegal entry into a dwelling” as criminologically unfounded. The most optimal way to reflect the increased public danger of the theft in question is to qualify for a set of crimes under Art. 229 and Art. 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.


Author(s):  
Марина Сергеевна Красильникова

В статье актуализируется необходимость исследования вопросов квалификации незаконного сбыта наркотических средств и психотропных веществ в учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы. Представлены и проанализированы статистические данные, иллюстрирующие сложившуюся криминальную ситуацию в сфере незаконного оборота наркотических средств и психотропных веществ, а также примеры из судебной практики, порождающие немало вопросов. Среди уголовно-правовых проблем, связанных с незаконным оборотом наркотических средств и психотропных веществ, особо выделяются проблемы квалификации незаконного сбыта наркотиков, а также особенности юридической оценки такого сбыта, совершенного сотрудником пенитенциарного учреждения. Для решения обозначенной проблемы приведены руководящие разъяснения высшей судебной инстанции по данной категории дел, мнения ученых-юристов, тщательно изучены теоретические и практические аспекты тематики. На основе проведенного анализа установлено, что оценка деяния сотрудника учреждения уголовно-исполнительной системы, выразившегося в приобретении для осужденного или заключенного под стражу наркотического средства или психотропного вещества, как пособничества в приобретении наркотика без цели сбыта не соответствует смыслу закона, противоречит рекомендациям Пленума Верховного суда РФ, имеет не свойственную для приобретения без цели сбыта крайне высокую степень общественной опасности, а также дает возможность освобождения от уголовной ответственности. В завершение исследования подведены его итоги, подчеркнута необходимость пересмотра разъяснений Верховного суда Российской Федерации по данной категории дел, а также серьезной переработки уголовно-правовых норм об ответственности за незаконный сбыт наркотических средств и психотропных веществ. The article actualizes the need to study the criminal law aspects of the illegal sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in penitentiary institutions. Statistical data are presented and analyzed to illustrate the current criminal situation in the field of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as examples from judicial practice that raise many questions. Among the criminal law problems associated with the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the problems of qualifying illegal drug trafficking, as well as the peculiarities of the legal assessment of such a sale made by a penitentiary institution employee, are especially highlighted. To solve the indicated problem, the leading explanations of the highest court on this category of cases, the opinions of legal scholars are given, the theoretical and practical aspects of the topic are carefully studied. Based on the analysis, it was found that the assessment of the act of an employee of the penitentiary system, expressed in the acquisition of a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance for a convicted or imprisoned person, as aiding in the purchase of a drug without a sale purpose does not correspond to the meaning of the law, contradicts the recommendations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has an extremely high degree of social danger, which is not typical for acquiring without a marketing objective, and also makes it possible to exempt from criminal No responsibility. At the end of the study, its results were summarized, the need to review the clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on this category of cases, as well as a serious revision of criminal law on liability for the illegal sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, was emphasized.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
I.A. Anisimova ◽  
A.V. Anisimov

The article deals with the debatable issues of the general criminal law characteristic of the subject ofdrug-related crimes. The meaning and place of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and plant-baseddrugs referred to in articles 228 and 228.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the crime aredetermined on the basis of the provisions of the study on the subject of the crime. The reasonable conclusionis that these drugs, substances and plant-based drugs belong to the subject of the crime as a separate sign ofcorpus delicti. Views on the definition and signs of the subject of drug-related crimes are summarized. Thecontent of the signs of the subject of crimes under articles 228 and 228.1 of the Criminal Code of the RussianFederation is specified. The problem of the terminological designation of the subject of the crime is raisedin articles 228 and 228.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.


Author(s):  
Bozhchenko A.P. ◽  
Ismailov M.T. ◽  
Gomon A.A. ◽  
Griga E.S. ◽  
Khrustaleva Yu.A.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation in relation to crimes that provide for liability for causing harm to human health, in order to improve expert and legal tools for determining adverse consequences for human health and life. Research material: the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and its comments. Research methods: selection and fixation of information, grouping of data, comparison, analysis and generalization of the identified patterns. As a result of the conducted research, a complete list of articles providing for liability for causing serious (51 in total), moderate (30) and minor harm to health (27) was determined. There are articles in which the severity of the harm to health is not specified (10) or the vague term "significant harm" is used (1). A number of articles (26) have been identified, in which the term "harm to health" is used instead of the term "violence", which is specified in the Decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation or comments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as "harm to health". It is concluded that the concept of harm to health formed in the criminal legislation is broader than the one established in forensic medicine. In the current legislation, there is an abundance and heterogeneity of terms used to describe independent types of adverse effects on human health and life. Unification of the concept of harm caused to human health is required. An original definition of this concept is proposed.


Author(s):  
Elizaveta Pavlik ◽  
Elena Ketenchieva

This article provides a classification and characteristics of persons convicted for crimes in the field of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances illicit trafficking. The article deals with the statistics in this sphere over the past five years. Based on the collected empirical evidence the authors analyzed the qualitative indicators of convicted drug offenders. The examination of statistical data from investigative and judicial practice on crimes in the field of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances illicit trafficking made it possible to sketch a criminal profile of a person sentenced to imprisonment: a citizen of the Russian Federation, a male between 18 to 39 years, having a secondary general or vocational education. Moreover, the personality of a convicted person is characterized by his internal criteria deformation devaluing the norms and rules that express and consolidate public interests. The authors also conducted a comparative analysis of offenders convicted both in the Russian Federation and in such federal subjects as Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region. The choice of St. Petersburg as one of the objects of this research is justified by the fact that it has been among the leaders of the regions with the largest number of recorded drug-related crimes for several years.


Author(s):  
Michail Sagandykov ◽  
Galia Shafikova

The relevance of the study is based, on the one hand, on high public danger of crimes in the sphere of labor relations and, on the other hand, on a very low interest of law enforcement, control and supervision bodies in these crimes. The authors show that modern criminal legislation in the sphere of protecting labor rights has a high potential in comparison with both Soviet and foreign criminal law norms. At the same time, this potential, primarily expressed in Chapter 19 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, remains untapped. Many norms, including Art. 136 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Violating the Equality of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen», are virtually never used against discrimination in the labor sphere, although such discrimination is quite common. No such cases have been found in court statistical data, thus it is impossible to provide a comprehensive criminological description of these crimes. The norm of Art. 136 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is seldom used by law enforcers because it is legally ambiguous. In this connection the authors suggest complementing the disposition of Art. 136 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with such factors of discrimination as «age» and «marital status». The latter factor will make it possible to provide extra protection to pregnant women and women with children under three years old against unmotivated refusal of employment and firing. The authors argue that such actions of the employer should constitute an aggregate of crimes and should be punished simultaneously under Art. 136 and 145 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the authors think that it is not appropriate to make the disposition of Art. 136 a blanket one due to vague grounds for discrimination in special legislation, including labor legislation. The obtained results could be used for the improvement of Russian legislation based on theoretical research and the practice of law enforcement.


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