scholarly journals Resource Allocation in 4G and 5G Networks: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavanya-Nehan Degambur ◽  
Avinash Mungur ◽  
Sheeba Armoogum ◽  
Sameerchand Pudaruth
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
Network Function ◽  
5G Network ◽  
End To End

The advent of 4G and 5G broadband wireless networks brings several challenges with respect to resource allocation in the networks. In an interconnected network of wireless devices, users, and devices, all compete for scarce resources which further emphasizes the fair and efficient allocation of those resources for the proper functioning of the networks. The purpose of this study is to discover the different factors that are involved in resource allocation in 4G and 5G networks. The methodology used was an empirical study using qualitative techniques by performing literature reviews on the state of art in 4G and 5G networks, analyze their respective architectures and resource allocation mechanisms, discover parameters, criteria and provide recommendations. It was observed that resource allocation is primarily done with radio resource in 4G and 5G networks, owing to their wireless nature, and resource allocation is measured in terms of delay, fairness, packet loss ratio, spectral efficiency, and throughput. Minimal consideration is given to other resources along the end-to-end 4G and 5G network architectures. This paper defines more types of resources, such as electrical energy, processor cycles and memory space, along end-to-end architectures, whose allocation processes need to be emphasized owing to the inclusion of software defined networking and network function virtualization in 5G network architectures. Thus, more criteria, such as electrical energy usage, processor cycle, and memory to evaluate resource allocation have been proposed.  Finally, ten recommendations have been made to enhance resource allocation along the whole 5G network architecture.

scholarly journals Intent-Based End-to-End Network Service Orchestration System for Multi-Platforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeel Rafiq ◽  
Asif Mehmood ◽  
Talha Ahmed Khan ◽  
Khizar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Afaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Network Service ◽  
Service Orchestration ◽  
Network Function ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Level Information ◽  
End To End ◽  
High Level

On-demand service is the main feature of the 5G network, and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) provides it by virtualizing the existing 5G network infrastructure. NFV crafts various virtual networks on a shared physical network, but one of the core challenges in future 5G networks is to automate the modeling of Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) and end-to-end Network Service (NS) orchestration with less human interaction. Traditionally, the descriptor of VNF and NS is created manually, which requires expert-level skills. This manual approach has a big threat of human error, which can be avoided by using the Intent-Based Networking (IBN) approach. The IBN approach eliminates the requirement of expertise for designing VNFs and NS by taking users’ intentions as an input. In this paper, the proposed system presents the Intent Management System for VNF modeling and end-to-end NS orchestration for multi-platforms. This system takes the high-level information related to a specific service, configures it accordingly, and converts it into the selected platform. The proposed system is tested using Mobile Central Office Re-architected as Data Center (M-CORD) and Open-Source Management and Orchestration (OSM) orchestrators. The results section shows that the proposed system reduces the effort of the end-user in creating network slices and provides seamless end-to-end service orchestration.

scholarly journals Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Symeon Papavassiliou
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Significant Research

The role of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) have been instrumental in realizing the transition and vision “from black boxes to a white box towards facilitating 5G network architectures”. Though significant research results and several deployments have occurred and realized over the last few years focusing on the NFV and SDN technologies, several issues—both of theoretical and practical importance—remain still open. Accordingly, the papers of this special issue are significant contributions samples within the general ecosystem highlighted above, ranging from SDN and NFV architectures and implementations, to SDN-NFV integration and orchestration approaches, while considering issues associated with optimization, network management and security aspects. In particular, a total of nine excellent articles (one review and eight original research articles) have been accepted, following a rigorous review process, and addressing many of the aforementioned challenges and beyond.

PLANNING OF THE STRUCTURE OF 5G TRANSPORT NETWORKS BASED ON SDN/NFV TECHNOLOGIES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Ю. ЦЫМ ◽  
О.А. БЫЧКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Location ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Software Defined Networks ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Network Function ◽  
5G Network

Сформулированы основные требования к построению транспортных сетей 5G на основе технологий программно-конфигурируемых сетей SDN/NFV. Приведены положения типовой методики планирования структуры транспортных сетей 5G. Показаны алгоритмы расчета и оптимального расположения контроллеров в структуре сетей 5G, а также определения оптимальных групп коммутаторов, общая нагрузка на которые не превышает максимальную производительность контроллеров сети 5G. The basic requirements for the construction of 5G transport networks based on the technologies of software-defined networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) are formulated. The main provisions of a typical methodology for the planning of the structure of 5G transport networks are presented. Algorithms for calculation and optimal location of controllers in the structure of 5G networks are shown. Algorithms for determining the optimal groups of switches, the total load on whichdoes not exceed the maximumperformance of 5G network controllers, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Virtual Networking Performance in OpenStack Platform for Network Function Virtualization

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Callegati ◽  
Walter Cerroni ◽  
Chiara Contoli
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Network Virtualization ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Computing Platform ◽  
Central Offices ◽  
The One

The emerging Network Function Virtualization (NFV) paradigm, coupled with the highly flexible and programmatic control of network devices offered by Software Defined Networking solutions, enables unprecedented levels of network virtualization that will definitely change the shape of future network architectures, where legacy telco central offices will be replaced by cloud data centers located at the edge. On the one hand, this software-centric evolution of telecommunications will allow network operators to take advantage of the increased flexibility and reduced deployment costs typical of cloud computing. On the other hand, it will pose a number of challenges in terms of virtual network performance and customer isolation. This paper intends to provide some insights on how an open-source cloud computing platform such as OpenStack implements multitenant network virtualization and how it can be used to deploy NFV, focusing in particular on packet forwarding performance issues. To this purpose, a set of experiments is presented that refer to a number of scenarios inspired by the cloud computing and NFV paradigms, considering both single tenant and multitenant scenarios. From the results of the evaluation it is possible to highlight potentials and limitations of running NFV on OpenStack.

scholarly journals Energy performance of 5G backhaul wireless network utilizing hybrid centric-distributed architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji ◽  
Hasan Shakir Majdi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Network ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Distributed Architecture ◽  
Wireless Backhaul ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network

<p>This paper scrutinizes the influence of deployment scenarios on the energy performance of fifth-generation (5G) network at various backhaul wireless frequency bands. An innovative network architecture, the hybrid centric-distributed, is employed and its energy efficiency (EE) model is analyzed. The obtained results confirm that the EE of the 5G network increases with an increasing number of small cells and degrades with an increasing frequency of wireless backhaul and radius of small cells regardless of the network architectures. Moreover, the hybrid centric-distributed architecture augments the EE when compared with the distributed architecture.</p>

5G-COMPLETE: End-to-end Resource Allocation in Highly Heterogeneous Beyond 5G Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agapi Mesodiakaki ◽  
Marios Gatzianas ◽  
George Kalfas ◽  
Francesca Moscatelli ◽  
Giada Landi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
End To End

Quality Evaluation of Cloud and Fog Computing Services in 5G Networks

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stojan Kitanov ◽  
Borislav Popovski ◽  
Toni Janevski
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Network Control ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Computing Services ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Intelligent Networking

Because of the increased computing and intelligent networking demands in 5G network, cloud computing alone encounters too many limitations, such as requirements for reduced latency, high mobility, high scalability, and real-time execution. A new paradigm called fog computing has emerged to resolve these issues. Fog computing distributes computing, data processing, and networking services to the edge of the network, closer to end users. Fog applied in 5G significantly improves network performance in terms of spectral and energy efficiency, enable direct device-to-device wireless communications, and support the growing trend of network function virtualization and separation of network control intelligence from radio network hardware. This chapter evaluates the quality of cloud and fog computing services in 5G network, and proposes five algorithms for an optimal selection of 5G RAN according to the service requirements. The results demonstrate that fog computing is a suitable technology solution for 5G networks.

NFV Practical Implementation

2018 ◽  
pp. 175-194
Author(s):  
Lalit Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Software Implementation ◽  
Virtual Network ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Network Functions

This chapter is focused on the traditional network architecture limitations with NFV benefits. Discussion of NFV architecture and framework as well as management and orchestration has been discussed in this chapter. Cisco VNF portfolio and virtual network functions implementation is included with software implementation of the architecture of NFV (network function virtualization). Management and orchestration functional layers as per ETSI standard. The challenges in NFV implementation is also a concern today, which is a part of this chapter.

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