scholarly journals Energy performance of 5G backhaul wireless network utilizing hybrid centric-distributed architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji ◽  
Hasan Shakir Majdi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Network ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Distributed Architecture ◽  
Wireless Backhaul ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network

<p>This paper scrutinizes the influence of deployment scenarios on the energy performance of fifth-generation (5G) network at various backhaul wireless frequency bands. An innovative network architecture, the hybrid centric-distributed, is employed and its energy efficiency (EE) model is analyzed. The obtained results confirm that the EE of the 5G network increases with an increasing number of small cells and degrades with an increasing frequency of wireless backhaul and radius of small cells regardless of the network architectures. Moreover, the hybrid centric-distributed architecture augments the EE when compared with the distributed architecture.</p>

scholarly journals A Multi-User Schedule Method for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 5G Heterogeneous Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-343
Author(s):  
Yi Xie
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Network ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Scheduling Method ◽  
New Type ◽  
Multiuser Scheduling ◽  
Better Than

Heterogeneous network is supposed to be the dominant network architecture of the fifth generation (5G) cellular network, which means small cells are overlaid on the macrocell. The beamforming (BF) and cell expansion are two important approaches to serve users in small cells. Furthermore, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a new type of multiple access multiplexing which improves system performance without taking up extra spectrum resources. Therefore, it becomes one promising technique in 5G. In this paper, NOMA is applied in a 5G heterogeneous network with biased small cells. The BF strategy and the multiuser scheduling method are proposed. The main user in NOMA is scheduled inside the original coverage of the small cell while the side user is chosen from the biased expansion area. The BF strategy that is executed depends on the channel of main user. The multiuser scheduling method is to maximize the rate performance. The proposed method can provide performance benefits. Simulation results show that the proposed methods can be well applied in heterogeneous networks. The achieved performance gain is approximately twice better than traditional OMA and has 10% improvement to the stochastic schedule method. In addition, the average rate of cell edge users is improved.

scholarly journals A Study on Massive Mimo 5G Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchana Devi A ◽  
Bhuvaneswari B
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Mimo Technology

Massive MIMO is a advance of MIMO technology. M-MIMO use hundreds of Base station (BS) to simultaneously serve multiple users. It combines with millimeter wave (mmWave) to provide huge spectral efficient, high reliability and high energy efficiency. Massive MIMO gives huge antennas, high signal strength, less noise reduction and also using better channel model. This paper discusses the detail description of fifth generation (5G) network architecture and to improve massive MIMO in existing technology.

scholarly journals Resource Allocation Schemes For 5G Network: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ayoub Kamal ◽  
Hafiz Wahab Raza ◽  
Muhammad Mansoor Alam ◽  
M.S. Mazliham
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Resource Distribution ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Resource Allocation Schemes

Fifth Generation (5G) communication technology is intended to offer higher data rates, outstanding user exposure, power consumption, and extremely short latency. Such cellular networks will implement a diverse multi-layer model comprising of device-to-device networks, macro-cells, and dissimilar categories of small-cells to assist customers with desired quality-of-service (QoS). This multi-layer model affects several studies that confront utilizing interference management and resource allocation in 5G networks. With the growing need and the lack of resources, the resource distribution problem desires to be focused capably to accomplish the traffic and to enhance network working. One of the utmost serious problems is to alleviate the jamming from the network in support of having a better QoS. However, there are limited review papers written on resource distribution, there is no particularize and organized review carry out in 5G resource allocation. Hence, this article covers and evaluates the argument using a classification of existing developing resource allocation schemes in 5G thoroughly by classifying the schemes to enhance the service quality. This survey comprises the discussion based on metrics used to evaluate the performance. It would also permit ahead beyond evidence on resource allocation methods in 5G and empowers the scholars to meet the present research areas to focus on.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of V-Band and E-Band mmWaves for Green Backhaul Solutions for 5G Ultra-Dense Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Ayodeji A. Ajani ◽  
◽  
Vitalice K. Oduol ◽  
Zachaeus K. Adeyemo ◽  
Ebude C. Awasume
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Dense Networks ◽  
Wireless Backhaul ◽  
V Band

5G Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs) will involve massive deployment of small cells which in turn form complex backhaul network. This backhaul network must be energy efficient for the 5G UDN network to be green. V-band and E-band mmWave technologies are among the wireless backhaul solutions tipped for 5G UDN. In this paper, we have compared the performance of the two backhaul solutions to determine which is more energy efficient for 5G UDN. We first formulated the problem to minimize power, then proposed an algorithm to solve the problem. This was then simulated using Network simulator 3.The first scenario made use of V-band mmWave while thesecond was E-band mmWave. The performance metricsused were power consumption and energy efficiency againstthe normalized hourly traffic profile. The performances ofthe two solutions were compared. The results revealed thatE-band mmWave outperformed V-band mmWave inbackhauling traffic in 5G UDN. It can be concluded that E-band green backhaul solution is recommended over V-bandmmWave for 5G UDN.

scholarly journals Handover Parameters Optimisation Techniques in 5G Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5202
Author(s):  
Wasan Kadhim Saad ◽  
Ibraheem Shayea ◽  
Bashar J. Hamza ◽  
Hafizal Mohamad ◽  
Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Impact

The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evaluation comparisons were performed in terms of handover probability (HOP), ping-pong handover probability (PPHP) and outage probability (OP). The 5G network framework has been employed to evaluate the proposed system scenarios used. The simulation results reveal that there is a trade-off in the results obtained from various systems. The use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable enhancements compared to higher HCP settings in terms of OP. Simultaneously, the use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable drawbacks compared to higher HCP settings in terms of high PPHP for all scenarios of mobile speed. The simulation results show that medium HCP settings may be the acceptable solution if one of these systems is applied. This study emphasises the application of automatic self-optimisation (ASO) functions as the best solution that considers user experience.

scholarly journals Resource Allocation in 4G and 5G Networks: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavanya-Nehan Degambur ◽  
Avinash Mungur ◽  
Sheeba Armoogum ◽  
Sameerchand Pudaruth
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
Network Function ◽  
5G Network ◽  
End To End

The advent of 4G and 5G broadband wireless networks brings several challenges with respect to resource allocation in the networks. In an interconnected network of wireless devices, users, and devices, all compete for scarce resources which further emphasizes the fair and efficient allocation of those resources for the proper functioning of the networks. The purpose of this study is to discover the different factors that are involved in resource allocation in 4G and 5G networks. The methodology used was an empirical study using qualitative techniques by performing literature reviews on the state of art in 4G and 5G networks, analyze their respective architectures and resource allocation mechanisms, discover parameters, criteria and provide recommendations. It was observed that resource allocation is primarily done with radio resource in 4G and 5G networks, owing to their wireless nature, and resource allocation is measured in terms of delay, fairness, packet loss ratio, spectral efficiency, and throughput. Minimal consideration is given to other resources along the end-to-end 4G and 5G network architectures. This paper defines more types of resources, such as electrical energy, processor cycles and memory space, along end-to-end architectures, whose allocation processes need to be emphasized owing to the inclusion of software defined networking and network function virtualization in 5G network architectures. Thus, more criteria, such as electrical energy usage, processor cycle, and memory to evaluate resource allocation have been proposed.  Finally, ten recommendations have been made to enhance resource allocation along the whole 5G network architecture.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of wireless data traffic in Mm wave massive MIMO communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1342
Author(s):  
Ahmed Thair Al-Heety ◽  
Mohammad Tariqul Islam ◽  
Ahmed Hashim Rashid ◽  
Hasanain N. Abd Ali ◽  
Ali Mohammed Fadil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Wireless Backhaul ◽  
Input Multiple Output

<span>Due to the evaluation of mobile devices and applications in the current decade, a new direction for wireless networks has emerged. The general consensus about the future 5G network is that the following should be taken into account; the purpose of thousand-fold system capacity, hundredfold energy efficiency, lower latency, and smooth connectivity. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), as well as the Millimeter wave (mm Wave) have been considered in the ultra-dense cellular network (UDN), because they are viewed as the emergent solution for the next generations of communication. This article focuses on evaluating and discussing the performance of mm Wave massive MIMO for ultra-dense network, which is one of the major technologies for the 5G wireless network. More so, the energy efficiencies of two kinds of architectures for wireless backhaul networks were investigated and compared in this article. The results of the simulation revealed some points that should be considered during the deployment of small cells in the two architectures UDN with backhaul network capacity and backhaul energy efficiency, that the changing the frequency bands in Distribution approach gives the same energy efficiency reached to 600 Mb/s at 15 nodes while the Conventional approach results reached less than 100 Mb/s at the same number of nodes.</span>

scholarly journals Velocity-Aware Handover Self-Optimization Management for Next Generation Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulraqeb Alhammadi ◽  
Mardeni Roslee ◽  
Mohamad Yusoff Alias ◽  
Ibraheem Shayea ◽  
Abdullah Alquhali
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Radio Link ◽  
Macro Cell ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Ping Pong ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Optimization Management ◽  
Remarkable Reduction

The fifth generation (5G) network is an upcoming standard for wireless communications that coexists with the current 4G network to increase the throughput. The deployment of ultra-dense small cells (UDSC) over a macro-cell layer yields multi-tier networks, which are known as heterogeneous networks (HetNets). HetNets play a key role in the cellular network to provide services to numerous users. However, the number of handovers (HOs) and radio link failure (RLF) greatly increase due to the increase in the UDSC in the network. Therefore, mobility management becomes a very important function in a self-organizing network to improve the system performance. In this paper, we propose a velocity-based self-optimization algorithm to adjust the HO control parameters in 4G/5G networks. The proposed algorithm utilizes the user’s received power and speed to adjust the HO margin and the time to trigger during the user’s mobility in the network. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a remarkable reduction in the rate of ping-pong HOs and RLF compared with other existing algorithms, thereby outperforming such algorithms by an average of more than 70% for all HO performance metrics.

scholarly journals Machine Learning for Physical Layer in 5G and beyond Wireless Networks: A Survey

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Jawad Tanveer ◽  
Amir Haider ◽  
Rashid Ali ◽  
Ajung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network

Fifth-generation (5G) technology will play a vital role in future wireless networks. The breakthrough 5G technology will unleash a massive Internet of Everything (IoE), where billions of connected devices, people, and processes will be simultaneously served. The services provided by 5G include several use cases enabled by the enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable low-latency communication. Fifth-generation networks potentially merge multiple networks on a single platform, providing a landscape for seamless connectivity, particularly for high-mobility devices. With their enhanced speed, 5G networks are prone to various research challenges. In this context, we provide a comprehensive survey on 5G technologies that emphasize machine learning-based solutions to cope with existing and future challenges. First, we discuss 5G network architecture and outline the key performance indicators compared to the previous and upcoming network generations. Second, we discuss next-generation wireless networks and their characteristics, applications, and use cases for fast connectivity to billions of devices. Then, we confer physical layer services, functions, and issues that decrease the signal quality. We also present studies on 5G network technologies, 5G propelling trends, and architectures that help to achieve the goals of 5G. Moreover, we discuss signaling techniques for 5G massive multiple-input and multiple-output and beam-forming techniques to enhance data rates with efficient spectrum sharing. Further, we review security and privacy concerns in 5G and standard bodies’ actionable recommendations for policy makers. Finally, we also discuss emerging challenges and future directions.

scholarly journals Genetic Algorithm for Vertical Handover (GAfVH)in a Heterogeneous networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Iman Zubeiri ◽  
Yasmina El Morabit ◽  
Fatiha Mrabti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Vertical Handover ◽  
Received Signal Strength ◽  
Wireless System ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Simulation Results

<p>The fifth generation (5G) wireless system will deal with the growing demand of new multimedia and broadband application. The 5G network architecture is based on heterogeneous Radio Access Technologies (RATs). In such implementation the Vertical handover is a key issue. Up till now, systems are using simple mechanisms to make handover decision, based on the evaluation of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). In some cases these mechanisms are not Efficient.This paper presents a new vertical handover algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm (GAfVH). It aims to reduce the number of unnecessary handovers, and optimizes the system performance. We compare our simulation results to the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based method. The results show that the number of handovers decreases. Moreover, we demonstrate that the network selection result can differ from an application to another.</p>

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