War Changes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Horne
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
World War ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Espionage Act ◽  
External Threat ◽  
The Face ◽  
Racial Progress ◽  
The U.S

This chapter discusses how the U.S. entry into World War II marked a watershed for both the Negro press generally and the Associated Negro Press (ANP) specifically. The “Double V” campaign among African Americans targeting fascism abroad and Jim Crow at home was a simple continuation and escalation of ANP prewar policy. Despite the racial progress propelled by the antifascist war, there were contrary disquieting notes that did not escape the gaze of Claude Barnett. The Negro press could hardly ignore the ambivalence, if not outright support, within their constituency for Tokyo. This factor helped to further propel black militancy at a moment when Washington was demanding stolid acquiescence in the face of the external threat. This widespread sentiment had led FBI leader J. Edgar Hoover to demand Espionage Act indictments of certain Negro papers.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Nancy Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many ◽  
A Site ◽  
The U.S

This epilogue addresses how David Whippy, Mary D. Wallis, and John B. Williams—as they pursued respect in different ways—became party to the many changes taking place in Fiji due to foreign influence. Whippy, Wallis, and Williams were all involved, in one way or another, in the U.S.–Fiji trade. In the twentieth century, new incentives enticed Americans to Fiji. American global activism and private development schemes involved Fiji as much as other places around the world, and medical aid and research sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation and a Carnegie Library at Suva introduced new forms of American influence in the islands. World War II, of course, brought Americans to the islands in droves. However, the main avenue by which Americans would come to Fiji was through the third wave of economic development that succeeded the sugar plantations of colonial Fiji: tourism. Now that the face of Fiji presented to the rest of the world evokes pleasure instead of fear, references to the cannibal isles have become nothing more than a nostalgic nod to Fiji's past. Previously considered a site of American wealth production, the islands have now become a site of American consumption.

Sweden, the United States, and Raoul Wallenberg's Mission to Hungary in 1944

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Matz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Face ◽  
The U.S

This article provides an in-depth examination of the U.S. government's role in the case of Raoul Wallenberg, the courageous Swedish envoy who died mysteriously in the Soviet Union after being arrested by Soviet occupation forces at the end of World War II for unknown reasons. The article recounts how U.S. officials, particularly the diplomat Herschel V. Johnson, tried to alleviate the plight of Hungarian Jews after German forces occupied Hungary in 1944. A key part of this policy was their effort to work with Sweden in enlisting Wallenberg's help. The U.S.-Swedish relationship was never particularly close, and the mistrust that officials in each country felt toward the other side impeded any coordinated action. The article discusses the bureaucratic impediments on the U.S. side and highlights some of the obstacles that Johnson strove to overcome. The article builds on the report produced by the Eliasson Commission documenting the Swedish government's handling of the Wallenberg case. Although the Swedish authorities bore by far the greatest amount of blame for doing nothing in the face of Soviet stonewalling, Matz argues that U.S. officials also made significant misjudgments that may have exacerbated the situation.

scholarly journals Jim Crow Democracy: The U.S. South and Racialized Policy-Making in the Aftermath of World War II

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-565
Author(s):  
Maarten Zwiers
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
World War ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Post War ◽  
The U.S

Segregationist politicians from the U.S. South played key roles in devising plans for the reconstruction of Germany, the Marshall Plan and the drafting of displaced persons legislation. This article discusses how their Jim Crow ideology calibrated the global and domestic order that emerged from the ashes of World War II. Southern advocates of this ideology dealt with national and foreign issues from a regional perspective, which was based on the protection of agricultural interests and a nascent military-industrial complex, but above all, on the defence of white supremacy. In general, they followed a lenient course toward Germany after the country’s defeat in World War II, for various reasons. The shared experience of post-war reconstruction, containment of communism and feelings of kinship between the Germanic people and the Anglo-Saxons of the U.S. South were some of the motives why many white southerners did not endorse punitive measures against the former enemy. For them, an obvious connection existed between the local and the global, which strongly reverberated in the formation of U.S. foreign and domestic policy in the post-war world. The rebuilding of Germany and the fugitive question were shaped on the basis of a Jim Crow blueprint.

Segregationists Confront American Empire: The Conservative White South and the Question of Hawaiian Statehood, 1947––1959

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANN K. ZIKER
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
American Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Freedom Struggle ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
Self Rule ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

Legislative and public debate over Hawai‘‘i””s proposed statehood coincided with the intensification of the African American freedom struggle in the U.S. South as well as the post-World War II rise of anti-colonial nationalism in Africa and Asia. To white racial conservatives, these were interrelated threats; each challenged the once-dominant association of whiteness and access to democracy. This article uncovers and analyzes the widespread grass-roots opposition to Hawaiian statehood among white Southerners. In doing so, it casts post-World War II racial conservatism in a new light: by illustrating how segregationists turned their attention to places far beyond the borders of the U.S. South to defend the ideology that legitimated Jim Crow; by highlighting the persistence of a race-based anti-imperialist sentiment; and by exploring segregationist ideas about race, religion, and the right to self-rule.

“This Is Our Enemy”

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
World War ◽  
Total War ◽  
Racial Tolerance ◽  
American Society ◽  
The U.S

During World War II, the U.S. government, through the Writers’ War Board (WWB), co-opted comic books as an essential means of disseminating race-based propaganda to adult Americans, including members of the armed forces. Working with comic creators, the WWB crafted narratives supporting two seemingly incompatible wartime policies: racializing America’s enemies as a justification for total war and simultaneously emphasizing the need for racial tolerance within American society. Initially, anti-German and anti-Japanese narratives depicted those enemies as racially defective but eminently beatable opponents. By late 1944, however, WWB members demanded increasingly vicious comic-book depictions of America’s opponents, portraying them as irredeemably violent. Still, the Board embraced racial and ethnic unity at home as essential to victory, promoting the contributions of Chinese, Jewish, and African Americans.

The Jim Crow Boomerang

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-58
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Right

Chapter 1 examines the US military’s successful efforts to restrict black people’s access to the nation’s fighting forces during World War II, and blacks’—and some whites’—efforts to fight back. In part thanks to African Americans’ spirited struggle for the “right to fight,” black troops’ contribution to the war effort was unquestionably substantial—in all, more than one million men and women served. But it would have been considerably more substantial had military authorities—sometimes supported and other times opposed by President Roosevelt, members of Congress, and the courts—not placed countless enlistment barriers in African Americans’ way.

“Go to Jail about This Spoonful”: Narcotic Determinism and Human Agency in “That Evening Sun” and “A Spoonful Blues”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim A. Ryan ◽  
Jay Watson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
African Americans ◽  
William Faulkner ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Characters ◽  
Social Discourses ◽  
The Face

William Faulkner was a contemporary and neighbor of one of the leading Mississippi Delta blues singers before World War II, Charley Patton. The striking similarities between “That Evening Sun” (1931) and Patton’s “A Spoonful Blues” (1929) exemplify the numerous and significant thematic parallels between Faulkner’s fiction and the lyrics of the country blues tradition. Both of these texts feature black characters who seem to become destructive automations under the influence of cocaine—but each work simultaneously asserts the essential dignity and agency of African Americans in the face of social discourses and systems that were designed to suppress and to dehumanize them.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen H. Tamura
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
World War ◽  
American Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The U.S

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Joseph Yoshisuke Kurihara's life. From his youth and until World War II, Kurihara pursued a path that he believed would enable him to live the American life, as envisioned in the Progressive Era phrase, “the promise of American life.” He enrolled in schools that offered a quality, Western-oriented education. He also embraced Christianity—the essential source of Western cultural identity at the time—endured anti-Japanese hostility directed at him, and fought as a soldier in the U.S. Army during the Great War. This dogged pursuit of a place for himself as an American in the face of jarring discouragements enabled Kurihara to absorb Western modes of thinking and behavior. As a result, he was able to navigate his way in two cultural worlds, European America and Japanese America.

The Future of Global Great Power Competition after the Coronavirus

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Burhanettin Duran
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International System ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Future ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
The U.S

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the domestic and foreign policy agendas of all countries have been turned upside down. The pandemic has brought new problems and competition areas to states and to the international system. While the pandemic politically calls to mind the post-World War II era, it can also be compared with the 2008 crisis due to its economic effects such as unemployment and the disruption of global supply chains. A debate immediately began for a new international system; however, it seems that the current international system will be affected, but will not experience a radical change. That is, a new international order is not expected, while disorder is most likely in the post-pandemic period. In an atmosphere of global instability where debates on the U.S.-led international system have been worn for a while, in the post-pandemic period states will invest in self-sufficiency and redefine their strategic areas, especially in health security. The decline of U.S. leadership, the challenging policies of China, the effects of Chinese policies on the U.S.-China relations and the EU’s deepening crisis are going to be the main discussion topics that will determine the future of the international system.

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