The Stages of the Method (i): Experience and Hypothesis

1970 ◽  
pp. 23-56
Author(s):  
Francis E. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Charles Sanders Peirce ◽  
Explanatory Hypothesis ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This chapter describes the characteristics of the method which Charles Sanders Peirce judges most adapted to the needs of scientific inquiry. In particular, the chapter deals with the experience which precedes the formation of the explanatory hypothesis, and with the formation of that hypothesis. It treats Peirce's basic teaching on the formation of the hypothesis, some of the requirements for choosing a hypothesis, and certain relevant theoretical questions. The inquirer who follows the method of the sciences advocated by Peirce will look to nature for an answer to their questions. Here, experience becomes the occasion for wonder about nature, and nature herself will ultimately supply the answer to the scientist's wonder. The genuine person of science, however, must somehow go beyond experience; they must look for explanations, even unexperienced explanations of what they have experienced. The chapter then turns to the framing of the explanatory hypothesis, or abduction. This discussion is addressed on three considerations: Peirce's basic teaching on abduction, some requirements for choosing hypotheses, and some theoretical considerations.

The Biological Clock and Sleep in the Elderly

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Juda ◽  
Mirjam Münch ◽  
Anna Wirz-Justice ◽  
Martha Merrow ◽  
Till Roenneberg
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Sleep Difficulties ◽  
Circadian Biology

Abstract: Among many other changes, older age is characterized by advanced sleep-wake cycles, changes in the amplitude of various circadian rhythms, as well as reduced entrainment to zeitgebers. These features reveal themselves through early morning awakenings, sleep difficulties at night, and a re-emergence of daytime napping. This review summarizes the observations concerning the biological clock and sleep in the elderly and discusses the documented and theoretical considerations behind these age-related behavioral changes, especially with respect to circadian biology.

APA Summit on National Assessment of Psychology: Executive Summary: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Mueller ◽  
Keisa Kelly ◽  
Helen Taylor ◽  
Karen Brakke ◽  
Gary Levine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
Executive Summary

Imprecision of Laboratory Determinations and Diagnostic Accuracy: Theoretical Considerations

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. B. Lindbebo ◽  
Fr. R. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Made In

Recent studies suggest the determinations of clinical laboratories must be made more precise than at present. This paper presents a means of examining benefits of improvement in precision. To do this we use a mathematical model of the effect upon the diagnostic process of imprecision in measurements and the influence upon these two of Importance of Diagnosis and Prevalence of Disease. The interaction of these effects is grossly non-linear. There is therefore no proper intuitive answer to questions involving these matters. The effects can always, however, be calculated.Including a great many assumptions the modeling suggests that improvements in precision of any determination ought probably to be made in hospital rather than screening laboratories, unless Importance of Diagnosis is extremely high.

The Estimation of the Number of Binding Sites for Antibody on Antigen Molecules with Reference to Factor VIII and its Antibody

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 274-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Pool ◽  
Rosemary Biggs ◽  
R. G Miller
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
Number Of Binding Sites ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

SummaryThe theoretical basis for determining the number of antibody sites on antigen molecules is examined. The theoretical considerations are applied to factor VIII molecules. Examples based on data available at the Oxford Haemophilia Centre are calculated to illustrate the approach. It is concluded that there are few sites on each factor VIII molecule for human antibody. The three antibodies for which reasonable data were available suggest 1–3 sites for human antibody. The data for rabbit antibody suggest 5–6 sites per factor VIII molecule.

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