The kinematics of a head-on collision between two gust fronts, followed by a secondary collision between a third gust front and a bore generated by the initial collision, are described using analyses of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) data. Each gust front involved in the initial collision exhibited a nearly north–south orientation and an east–west movement. The eastward-moving boundary was 2°C colder and moved 7 m s−1 faster than the westward-moving boundary. Two-dimensional wind retrievals reveal contrasting flows within each gravity current. One exhibited a typical gravity current flow structure, while the other assumed the form of a gravity wave/current hybrid with multiple vortices atop the outflow. One of the after-collision boundaries exhibited multiple radar finelines resembling a solitary wave shortly after the collision. About 1 h after the initial collision, a vigorous gust front intersected the eastward-moving bore several minutes before both circulations were sampled by the MIPS. The MIPS measurements indicate that the gust front displaced the bore upward into a neutral residual layer. The bore apparently propagated upward even farther to the next stable layer between 2 and 3 km AGL. MIPS measurements show that the elevated turbulent bore consisted of an initial vigorous wave, with updraft/downdraft magnitudes of 3 and −6 m s−1, respectively, followed by several (elevated) waves of decreasing amplitude.
Progression of mid-tropospheric stable layer over Delhi region during May 1989 –A case study