Natural Conditions and Adaptation to them Among the Population of the Caspian Region in the Early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 333-347
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasilyev ◽  
◽  
Tatyana Puzanova ◽  
Dmitry Vasiliev ◽  
Svetlana Borutskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Paleo Diet ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Bone Remains

The article presents the results of research on the reconstruction of natural and climatic conditions and human adaptation to them. In order to identify the evolutionary stages of the natural environment of the Western Caspian region in the second half of the Holocene, buried sub-kurgan soils and bone remains in the Bogomolny Sands 1 mound were analyzed. Spore-pollen, anthropological and isotope analyses were carried out on soil and bone samples. Bioclimatic fluctuations of the natural environment were established based on the reconstruction of paleolandscapes (soils, vegetation) and associated changes in socio-cultural factors (changes in paleo-diet, anthropological characteristics).

scholarly journals VEGETATION AND CLIMATE OF THE ISET-TOBOL INTERFLUVE FROM THE ENEOLITHIC TO THE EARLY IRON AGE: NEW PALAEOECOLOGICAL DATA ON THE OSKINO-09 SWAMP

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
E.D. Nasonova ◽  
N.E. Ryabogina ◽  
A.S. Afonin ◽  
S.N. Ivanov ◽  
A.A. Tkachev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Pollen Data ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Birch Forests

The article analyses new data, which provides the opportunity to reconstruct the natural environment of peo-ple in the Tobol area (forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia) in the 3rd–1st millennia BC. The authors consider the issue associated with the consistency between off-site pollen data and on-site palynological data, as well as how correctly they reflect natural conditions defining the living environment of the ancient population. Materials for the study were obtained from the Oskino-09 swamp-lake located near the confluence of the Iset and Tobol Rivers in the immediate vicinity of a multilayer settlement (Oskino Boloto). The age of swamp-lake sediments was de-termined using an age-depth model developed on the basis of AMS dates. In this study, the authors analysed pollen and plant macro-remains, as well as the indicators of economic activity (non-pollen palynomorphs, weed pollen). The analysis of stratigraphy, the composition of plant macro-remains and local pollen revealed that up to 1.2 cal ka BC the water body in question was developing as a fresh lake, which allowed the inhabitants of the Oskino Boloto settlement to use it for fishing and as a source of water in the Eneolithic and in the Bronze Age. Its transformation into a swamp occurred in 1.1–0.8 cal ka BC, which coincided with the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. During the study period, the swamp-lake and the settlement were surrounded by forests confined to the terraces of the Iset River; starting from the middle of the Eneolithic, birch-pine forests ap-peared in the vicinity. However, pine forests were actively replaced with birch forests at the beginning of the Bronze Age; evidently, warmer temperatures and higher humidity resulted in the appearance of deciduous trees. Most of the Bronze Age is associated with a gradual decrease in humidity, with the signs of an increase in the water table level and the active expansion of birch forests being observed only at the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages. A new stage of coniferous forest expansion in the Early Iron Age (ca 0.8 cal ka BС) is probably associated with a low level of the water table, as well as with a general fall in the temperature. The natural environment at the beginning of the Early Iron Age is very similar to that at the end of the Eneolithic. New data indicate that there were no completely treeless areas in the studied interval; forests always grew along river terraces. However, most of the settlements located nearby in the Ingala Valley were confined to open meadow-steppe areas forming an inhabited landscape. Despite the differences in the off-site pollen data obtained from the swamp and the on-site data, these data reveal similar trends in climatic changes in the 3rd–1st millennia BC.

scholarly journals РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ТЕХНИКО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА КЕРАМИКИ ИЗ МОГИЛЬНИКА ШЕЛОМОК I, ПОСЕЛЕНИЙ КИЖИРОВО, САМУСЬ II

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Pletneva ◽  
Irma Ragimkhanova ◽  
Nadezhda Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Molding Compounds ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Technological Analysis

Статья продолжает серию публикаций по результатам технико-технологического анализа керамики памятников раннего железного века Томского Приобья, относящихся к шеломокской культуре и к томскому варианту кулайской культурно-исторической общности. Для анализа были взяты фрагменты керамики из могильника Шеломок I, поселений Кижирово и Самусь II. Результаты анализов показали, как сходство, так и отличия в выборе исходного сырья и подготовки формовочных масс. Например, если для поселения Шеломок II – базового памятника шеломокской культуры, характерна примесь дресвы из гранита с белыми и прозрачными включениями кварца (Плетнёва, Степанова, 2018), то в формовочных массах керамики из могильника добавляли гранит с красными (розовыми) включениями кварца. Памятники эти расположены рядом, на расстоянии 500 м друг от друга, то есть природная среда была одинаковой. Датировка поселения Шеломок II укладывается в пределы V–III вв. до н. э., а могильника Шеломок I – IV–III вв. до н. э., что свидетельствует об их синхронном существовании. Предметы из могильника находят ближайшие аналогии в материалах шеломокской культуры. Сравнение предметного ряда изделий из бронзы, кости и рога свидетельствует о контактах оставившего его населения с тагарцами Ачинско-Мариинской лесостепи, а также, возможно, с населением большереченской культуры, по мнению И. Ж. Рагимхановой и возможно, по мнению Л. М. Плетневой, материалы могильника отражают сложные культурные процессы раннего железного века, происходившие в Томском Приобье и фиксируют приход населения из Ачинско-Мариинского района тагарской культуры.This paper continues a series of publications that report the results oftechnical and technological analysis of ceramics from the Early Iron Age monuments of the Tomsk Ob Region, which are attributed to Shelomok and Tomsk variants of the Kulay cultural and historical community. Fragments of ceramics have been taken for analysis from the Shelomok I burial ground, Kizhirovo and Samus II settlements. The results of analysis demonstrate both similarities and differences in the choice of raw materials and the preparation of molding compounds. For example, the addition of granite gruss with white and transparent quartz inclusions to the pottery paste was typical of Shelomok II settlement (Pletneva, Stepanova, 2018), while the pottery paste from the burial ground included granite with red (pink) quartz inclusions. These monuments are located nearby, at a distance of 500 m away from each other, in the same natural environment. Perhaps, the materials of the burial ground reflect the complex cultural processes of the early Iron Age that took place in the Tomsk Ob region and record the arrival of the population from the Achinsk-Mariinsky district of tagar culture.

State Formation in Early Iron Age Greece

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Davies
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Sense Of Identity

This chapter attempts to delve into the prehistory of the Greek citizen-state, in order to identify the sources of human energy and experience that contributed most to shape that institution as a complex construct. Using two early literary portrayals as initial signposts, it lists the six principal inputs of force and energy as those exerted by the exceptional individual, by population, by the natural environment, by ideas of the supernatural, by the availability of convertible resources, and by memory, imagination, and a sense of identity. Each is explored at some length, though a final emphasis is laid on a 400-year absence of invasion.

Monuments of the Early Iron Age of the Aral-Caspian Region as a Historical Source

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
Yerdan Oralbay ◽  
Azilkhan Tazhekeyev ◽  
Gulzhan Meirmanova ◽  
Rustem Darmenov ◽  
Seidali Bilalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Historical Source

Archaeological Investigations at Mavis Grind, Shetland

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Cracknell ◽  
Beverley Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Field System ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Settlement Site

Summary The excavations revealed a stone house and showed that it was oval, 13 m × 10 m, with an interior about 7 m in diameter. In the first occupation phase the entrance was on the SE side. During the second phase this entrance was replaced with one to the NE and the interior was partitioned. The roof was supported on wooden posts. After the building was abandoned it was covered with peat-ash which was subsequently ploughed. There were numerous finds of steatite-tempered pottery and stone implements, which dated the site to late Bronze/early Iron Age. The second settlement, Site B, lay by the shore of the voe and consisted of two possible stone-built houses and a field system. Two trenches were dug across the structures and the results are reported in Appendix I. Although damaged in recent years it was in no further danger.

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