scholarly journals On the classification diversity of oil and gas trappers and geochemical criteria for the productivity of shale formations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
S. A. Punanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shale Formations ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Geochemical Studies

The article considers the classification attributes of non-anticlinal traps on the basis of analytical research and critical analysis of literary sources. A certain excess of classification definitions and characteristics of traps, used by researchers both to describe universal schemes and for specific oil and gas basins, and their frequent discrepancies reasonably lead ultimately to an enlargement of types and subtypes of traps, combining them into three main classes of accumulations: continuous and quasi-continuous (unconventional) and discontinuous (conventional). It is noted that in combination with geophysical, seismostratigraphic, paleogeographic, paleotectonic, hydrogeological and other methods of studying the genesis and morphology of traps, and their search, geochemical methods of forecasting and searching for hydrocarbon accumulations at all stages of prospecting and exploration are now widely introduced. The practical possibilities of geochemical methods for evaluating the effective productivity of thin traps of carbonaceous formations are shown on the example of the Bazhenov and Domanik deposits of Russia, as well as the shale plays of the Bakken, Eagle and others in the United States. Keywords: non-anticlinal traps; thin traps; reservoirs; oil and gas; classification of traps; carbonaceous formations; geochemical studies.

scholarly journals Sulfide Generation by DominantHalanaerobiumMicroorganisms in Hydraulically Fractured Shales

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Booker ◽  
Mikayla A. Borton ◽  
Rebecca A. Daly ◽  
Susan A. Welch ◽  
Carrie D. Nicora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Shale Formations ◽  
Gas Recovery ◽  
Microbially Induced Corrosion ◽  
Sulfide Production ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTHydraulic fracturing of black shale formations has greatly increased United States oil and natural gas recovery. However, the accumulation of biomass in subsurface reservoirs and pipelines is detrimental because of possible well souring, microbially induced corrosion, and pore clogging. Temporal sampling of produced fluids from a well in the Utica Shale revealed the dominance ofHalanaerobiumstrains within thein situmicrobial community and the potential for these microorganisms to catalyze thiosulfate-dependent sulfidogenesis. From these field data, we investigated biogenic sulfide production catalyzed by aHalanaerobiumstrain isolated from the produced fluids using proteogenomics and laboratory growth experiments. Analysis ofHalanaerobiumisolate genomes and reconstructed genomes from metagenomic data sets revealed the conserved presence of rhodanese-like proteins and anaerobic sulfite reductase complexes capable of converting thiosulfate to sulfide. Shotgun proteomics measurements using aHalanaerobiumisolate verified that these proteins were more abundant when thiosulfate was present in the growth medium, and culture-based assays identified thiosulfate-dependent sulfide production by the same isolate. Increased production of sulfide and organic acids during the stationary growth phase suggests that fermentativeHalanaerobiumuses thiosulfate to remove excess reductant. These findings emphasize the potential detrimental effects that could arise from thiosulfate-reducing microorganisms in hydraulically fractured shales, which are undetected by current industry-wide corrosion diagnostics.IMPORTANCEAlthough thousands of wells in deep shale formations across the United States have been hydraulically fractured for oil and gas recovery, the impact of microbial metabolism within these environments is poorly understood. Our research demonstrates that dominant microbial populations in these subsurface ecosystems contain the conserved capacity for the reduction of thiosulfate to sulfide and that this process is likely occurring in the environment. Sulfide generation (also known as “souring”) is considered deleterious in the oil and gas industry because of both toxicity issues and impacts on corrosion of the subsurface infrastructure. Critically, the capacity for sulfide generation via reduction of sulfate was not detected in our data sets. Given that current industry wellhead tests for sulfidogenesis target canonical sulfate-reducing microorganisms, these data suggest that new approaches to the detection of sulfide-producing microorganisms may be necessary.

Protecting Society from Child Sex Offenders: A Proposal for Lowering Recidivism Rates Through an Analysis of the Prevailing Social Policy and Methodology of the U.S and Denmark

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan J Kravitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Recidivism Rates ◽  
The Future ◽  
The U.S

This paper examines the current philosophy and methodology utilized in the United States and Denmark in dealing with child sex offenders and proposes post-release approaches that will reduce recidivism rates in order to better protect society in the future. After analyzing current classifications of child sex offenders, labeling theory is rejected in favor of a novel classification of offenders based on their victimization. The unreliability of current measures of recidivism rates is explored and proposals are set forth to reconfigure recidivism rates to effectively measure the value of post-release protocols. A study of the current laws and social policy of the U.S. and Denmark follows along with a critical analysis of post-release sanctions and treatments. I conclude with a proposal for a post-release protocol that should minimize recidivism of child sex offenders and provide the greatest protection to society.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Miriam R. Aczel ◽  
Karen E. Makuch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
Induced Seismic Activity

High-volume hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling has “revolutionized” the United States’ oil and gas industry by allowing extraction of previously inaccessible oil and gas trapped in shale rock [1]. Although the United States has extracted shale gas in different states for several decades, the United Kingdom is in the early stages of developing its domestic shale gas resources, in the hopes of replicating the United States’ commercial success with the technologies [2, 3]. However, the extraction of shale gas using hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling poses potential risks to the environment and natural resources, human health, and communities and local livelihoods. Risks include contamination of water resources, air pollution, and induced seismic activity near shale gas operation sites. This paper examines the regulation of potential induced seismic activity in Oklahoma, USA, and Lancashire, UK, and concludes with recommendations for strengthening these protections.

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