Public Participation In Protecting Food Resources: The Case Of Federal Lands In Pickering

In 1972, the federal government’s plan to build the second major Toronto airport in the north Pickering area met strong public resistance that put the project on hold in 1975. This project investigates the role of public engagement in land use policy and the protection of agricultural lands by reviewing the literature on the Pickering Airport from a historical perspective and conducting archival research of historical records and documents from 1972 to the present. Consulting the literature on public discourse, I examine whether a 45 year-long delay in the completion of the airport could be solely attributed to public participation in policy making. The paper will focus on effective use of media, scientific evidence and expert advice that are leading to deadlocks in a process full of inconsistencies in government decision making, influenced by electoral politics, changing governments and jurisdictional differences between federal and provincial governments.

Public Participation In Protecting Food Resources: The Case Of Federal Lands In Pickering

In 1972, the federal government’s plan to build the second major Toronto airport in the north Pickering area met strong public resistance that put the project on hold in 1975. This project investigates the role of public engagement in land use policy and the protection of agricultural lands by reviewing the literature on the Pickering Airport from a historical perspective and conducting archival research of historical records and documents from 1972 to the present. Consulting the literature on public discourse, I examine whether a 45 year-long delay in the completion of the airport could be solely attributed to public participation in policy making. The paper will focus on effective use of media, scientific evidence and expert advice that are leading to deadlocks in a process full of inconsistencies in government decision making, influenced by electoral politics, changing governments and jurisdictional differences between federal and provincial governments.

A Mixed Methods Literature Review and Framework for Decision Factors That May Influence the Utilization of Managed Wildfire on Federal Lands, USA

There is increasing discussion in the academic and agency literature, as well as popular media, about the need to address the existing deficit of beneficial fire on landscapes. One approach allowable under United States federal wildland fire policy that could help address this condition is by deliberately managing wildfire with a strategy other than full suppression (hereafter referred to as ‘managed wildfire’). To improve the understanding of the managed fire decision-making process, we conducted a mixed methods review of the existing literature. This review spanned 1976 to 2013 and used thematic coding to identify key factors that affect the decision to manage a wildfire. A total of 110 descriptive factors categories were identified. These were classified into six key thematic groups, which addressed specific decision considerations. This nexus of factors and decision pathways formed what we describe as the ‘Managed Fire Decision Framework’, which contextualizes important pressures, barriers, and facilitators related to managed wildfire decision-making. The most prevalent obstacles to managing wildfire were operational concerns and risk aversion. The factor most likely to support managing a fire was the decision maker’s desire to see the strategy be implemented. Ultimately, we found that the managed fire decision-making process is extremely complex, and that this complexity may itself be a barrier to its implementation.

The Importance of Alaska for Climate Stabilization, Resilience, and Biodiversity Conservation

Alaska is globally significant for its large tracts of intact habitats, which support complete wildlife assemblages and many of the world’s healthiest wild fisheries, while also storing significant amounts of carbon. Alaska has 1/3 of United States federal lands, the bulk of the United States’ intact and wild lands, and over half of the country’s total terrestrial ecosystem carbon on federal lands. Managing Alaska’s public lands for climate and biodiversity conservation purposes over the next 30–50 years would provide meaningful and irreplaceable climate benefits for the United States and globe. Doing so via a co-management approach with Alaska’s 229 federally recognized tribes is likely not only to be more effective but also more socially just. This paper lays out the scientific case for managing Alaska’s public lands for climate stabilization and resilience and addresses three primary questions: Why is Alaska globally meaningful for biodiversity and climate stabilization? Why should Alaska be considered as a key element of a climate stabilization and biodiversity conservation strategy for the United States? What do we need to know to better understand the role of Alaska given future scenarios? We summarize evidence for the role Alaska’s lands play in climate stabilization, as well as what is known about the role of land management in influencing carbon storage and sequestration. Finally, we summarize priority research that is needed to improve understanding of how policy and management prescriptions are likely to influence the role Alaska plays in global climate stabilization and adaptation.

Greater Yellowstone climate assessment: past, present, and future climate change in greater Yellowstone watersheds

The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) is one of the last remaining large and nearly intact temperate ecosystems on Earth (Reese 1984; NPSa undated). GYA was originally defined in the 1970s as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompassed the minimum range of the grizzly bear (Schullery 1992). The boundary was enlarged through time and now includes about 22 million acres (8.9 million ha) in northwestern Wyoming, south central Montana, and eastern Idaho. Two national parks, five national forests, three wildlife refuges, 20 counties, and state and private lands lie within the GYA boundary. GYA also includes the Wind River Indian Reservation, but the region is the historical home to several Tribal Nations. Federal lands managed by the US Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service amount to about 64% (15.5 million acres [6.27 million ha] or 24,200 square miles [62,700 km2]) of the land within the GYA. The federal lands and their associated wildlife, geologic wonders, and recreational opportunities are considered the GYA’s most valuable economic asset. GYA, and especially the national parks, have long been a place for important scientific discoveries, an inspiration for creativity, and an important national and international stage for fundamental discussions about the interactions of humans and nature (e.g., Keiter and Boyce 1991; Pritchard 1999; Schullery 2004; Quammen 2016). Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872 as the world’s first national park, is the heart of the GYA. Grand Teton National Park, created in 1929 and expanded to its present size in 1950, is located south of Yellowstone National Park1 and is dominated by the rugged Teton Range rising from the valley of Jackson Hole. The Gallatin-Custer, Shoshone, Bridger-Teton, Caribou-Targhee, and Beaverhead-Deerlodge national forests encircle the two national parks and include the highest mountain ranges in the region. The National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge also lie within GYA.

GERMAN SLOGANS REPRESENTING GERMANY

German slogans are examined in the article. The peculiarities of slogan and its types are indicated. The examples of German slogans representing the Federal Lands of Germany are given. The attractiveness, the individuality of the Lands, the call to visit them is reflected in the German slogans.

Methods for Classifying Abbreviations Document Names (Based on the Material of the Modern German Language)

The article offers options for the classification of abbreviations-documentary names on the basis of various characteristics. The following can be selected as the classification criteria: the number of components in an abbreviation, which affects its derivational potential; the structure of the abbreviation, i.e. the division of abbreviations into initial, syllabic and combined; the types of documents, for example: laws, regulations, agreements, et.; the classification on a thematic basis, i.e. in relation to the sphere of management and economics. This classification is mainly based on truncated components, which are more informative than initials. Among document names there are abbreviations consisting of purely German components and abbreviations that are borrowings or consisting of a combination of autochthonous and borrowed components. It is possible to classify documentary abbreviations by the presence of borrowings in their composition. The main attention in the article is paid to the classification by their place in the internal onomastic field. The names of documents used in the common European space and the names of documents with a narrower scope of distribution (Germany as a whole or in specific federal lands) are distinguished, which determines their entry into the nuclear or peripheral zone of the onomastic space. The presence of other onyms in the documentary names, among which toponyms, that characterize the effect of specific legal documents in a certain territory, occupy a special place. It is concluded that abbreviated document names represent a certain field of onomastics, the core of which are global document names, and that they represent a certain system, and not a simple set of abbreviated onyms.

Emissions from Fossil Fuels Produced on US Federal Lands Present Opportunities for Climate Mitigation

Between 2005 and 2019 emissions from fossil fuels produced on federal lands and waters accounted for nearly a quarter of annual US energy emissions, roughly 1,400 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year. Despite their magnitude, emissions stemming from federal lands energy production have not historically featured in US climate policy. To better understand their future role in the US’s emissions profile, we model coal, oil and natural gas production on federal lands and waters to 2030, and then calculate associated lifecycle climate emissions. We estimate that total emissions from fossil fuels produced on federal lands and waters decline 28% below 2010 levels by 2030, which falls well short of the 45% global reduction target needed to be consistent with avoiding a 1.5°C temperature rise. The Biden-Harris administration will likely need to pursue a suite of actions if they hope to bring federal emissions in line with ambitious climate targets. Several options, including a carbon adder on royalties for new federal leases, can be quickly enacted without Congressional approval.