scholarly journals Effectiveness of Improved Hermetic Storage Structures Against Maize Storage Insect Pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Tadele Tefera ◽  
Addis Teshome ◽  
Charles Singano
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Hermetic Storage ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Small Holder Farmers ◽  
Storage Structures

A study was conducted for 12 months to evaluate the effectiveness of two improved hermetic storage structures against two maize storage pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus at Liwufu Research Station, Malawi. The storages were metal silo and hermetic bag; Actellic super dust was included as a control. The treatments (storages) were replicated four times under natural and artificial infestations. Grain stored in metal silo had the lowest mean percentage weight loss, 1.04% to 1.25%, 12 months after storage followed by hermetic bag, 2.46% to 6.64%. Grain treated with Actellic super had the highest weight loss, 4.86% to 18.72%. The study showed that hermetic storage structures can be promoted as effective alternative non-chemical methods of grain storage for small holder farmers in Malawi.

Efficacy of different hermetic bag storage technologies against insect pests and aflatoxin incidence in stored maize grain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kimondo Mutambuki ◽  
Paddy Likhayo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Storage Technologies

Abstract The performance of six grain storage technologies for the control of insect pests in maize was evaluated over a 36-week (9-month) storage period. The six technologies used were: two ZeroFly® hermetic bag brands (laminated and non-laminated); Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag; non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag; woven polypropylene (PP) bag containing maize grain treated with Actellic Gold® Dust (pirimiphos-methyl 1.6% + thiamethoxam 0.3%) and woven PP bag containing untreated grain. Each bag was filled with 50 kg maize grain and four replicates of each were set up. With the exception of the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag, 50 live adults of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus and of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, were introduced into all the bags. Insects were not introduced into the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag to assess its effectiveness in repelling infestation from outside. Parameters recorded were gas composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide) levels inside the bags; weight of flour generated by insect feeding activities; grain moisture level; live adult insect counts; grain damage and weight loss; grain germination rate and aflatoxin level. At termination, the plastic liners of the hermetic bags were examined for perforations. Results show that oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide evolution were faster in ZeroFly® hermetic compared to PICS bags. Throughout the 36-week storage trial, grain damage remained below 4% and weight loss below 3% in all the treatments except in the untreated PP bags in which it increased to 81.1 and 25.5%, respectively. The hermetic PICS, ZeroFly® and Actellic Gold dust-treated PP bags maintained grain germination at 60%, which was lower than the initial 90%, while in untreated control, it reduced to 4.7%. The mean aflatoxin levels fluctuated between 0.39 and 3.56 parts per billion (ppb) during 24 weeks of storage in all the technologies tested, which is below the acceptable maximum level of 10 ppb in maize. Based on the evaluation results, it can be concluded that hermetic PICS and ZeroFly® bags and woven PP bag with Actellic Gold dust-treated grain effectively protected stored maize grain from insect attack and weight losses. Appropriate strategies and mechanisms for the effective and efficient adoption of hermetic storage bag technology at scale would contribute towards global food security.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Purdue Improved Crop Storage Triple Layer Hermetic Storage Bag against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimondo Mutambuki ◽  
Hippolyte Affognon ◽  
Paddy Likhayo ◽  
Dieudonne Baributsa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Triple Layer ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Jute Bags

Hermetic technologies are being promoted in Africa as safer and more effective methods of grain storage on smallholder farms. However, farmers and policy makers lack knowledge of their efficacy in controlling major stored grain pests. An on-station study was conducted to evaluate the triple layer Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) airtight bags against two major storage insect pests. Two sets each of PICS, jute and polypropylene bags were filled with 50 kg maize grain per bag. Each set was replicated four times. One set of PICS bags was each infested with 50 insects each of the larger grain borer P. truncatus and the maize weevil S. zeamais; while the other set was not. One set of jute and polypropylene woven bags was treated with a cocktail of 1.6% Pirimiphos methyl and 0.3% Permethrin, serving as positive controls; while the remaining sets with untreated maize grain formed negative controls. Gas analysis in the PICS bags followed the expected trend with oxygen levels falling sharply below 10% and carbon dioxide increasing to almost 10% after 12 weeks hence resulting in insect death. After 16 weeks, increase in oxygen levels may be attributed to perforation of the bags from outside by the P. truncatus. Results showed that PICS bags were significantly (P < 0.05) superior to treated and untreated controls of polypropylene and jute bags in suppressing insect development, maize grain damage and weight loss during storage. Weight loss in polypropylene and jute bags reached 40% and 41%, respectively, at 24 weeks after storage compared to PICS (2.4–2.9%). These results demonstrate that PICS bags can be used to store maize against P. truncatus and S. zeamais attack.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF MAIZE LANDRACES WITH HIGH LEVEL OF RESISTANCE TO STORAGE PESTS Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky AND Prostephanus truncatus Horn IN LATIN AMERICA

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-S3-A) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Silverio García-Lara ◽  
David J. Bergvinson
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Maize Landraces ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Traits

The maize weevil (MW) (Sitophilus zeamais), and the larger grain borer (LGB) (Prostephanus truncatus) are major storage pests causing serious losses in maize (Zea mays L.) in developing countries of Latin America (LA). This study identified maize landraces with high levels of resistance to MW and LGB by screening 1171 genotypes collected from 24 LA countries in 38 sampling areas. Maize grain weight losses (GWL), total dust production (TDP) and number of adult progeny (NAP) were measured for LGB and MW attack in each genotype. Susceptibility traits to MW and LGB were related to specific geographical location. Range of resistance for MW was from 0.6 to 51 %, while for LGB from 0.1 to 66 %. Approximately 28 % of the analyzed genotypes showed high level of resistance to MW, with Antilles region offering the most resistant accessions with races of EarCar, Chande, Haitye, Nal-Tel, Tuson, and Canill. Resistance to LGB was observed in 22 % of genotypes analyzed with accessions from Southern México with races of Cónico, Nal-Tel, Vandeño, Elotes Occidentales, Cubano, Tuxpeño, and Tepecintle. Low correlation (r = 0.28; P < 0.01) between maize resistance to MW and LGB indicated a divergent adaptive response of maize grain to these two pest. Geographic data showed a negative correlation between latitude and longitude with MW resistance traits being significant only for longitude (r = -0.253; P < 0.05). Opposite trend of correlations, positive but not significant, was observed for LGB resistance traits. These results indicate an influence of geographic location in local varieties being selected for storage pest resistance over time. Genotypes with excellent postharvest insect resistance have now been identified for maize breeders to use in developing improved cultivars for use in LA.The maize weevil (MW) (Sitophilus zeamais), and the larger grain borer (LGB) (Prostephanus truncatus) are major storage pests causing serious losses in maize (Zea mays L.) in developing countries of Latin America (LA). This study identified maize landraces with high levels of resistance to MW and LGB by screening 1171 genotypes collected from 24 LA countries in 38 sampling areas. Maize grain weight losses (GWL), total dust production (TDP) and number of adult progeny (NAP) were measured for LGB and MW attack in each genotype. Susceptibility traits to MW and LGB were related to specific geographical location. Range of resistance for MW was from 0.6 to 51 %, while for LGB from 0.1 to 66 %. Approximately 28 % of the analyzed genotypes showed high level of resistance to MW, with Antilles region offering the most resistant accessions with races of EarCar, Chande, Haitye, Nal-Tel, Tuson, and Canill. Resistance to LGB was observed in 22 % of genotypes analyzed with accessions from Southern México with races of Cónico, Nal-Tel, Vandeño, Elotes Occidentales, Cubano, Tuxpeño, and Tepecintle. Low correlation (r = 0.28; P < 0.01) between maize resistance to MW and LGB indicated a divergent adaptive response of maize grain to these two pest. Geographic data showed a negative correlation between latitude and longitude with MW resistance traits being significant only for longitude (r = -0.253; P < 0.05). Opposite trend of correlations, positive but not significant, was observed for LGB resistance traits. These results indicate an influence of geographic location in local varieties being selected for storage pest resistance over time. Genotypes with excellent postharvest insect resistance have now been identified for maize breeders to use in developing improved cultivars for use in LA.

scholarly journals Measuring the nutritional cost of insect infestation of stored maize and cowpea

Food Security ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya E. Stathers ◽  
Sarah E. J. Arnold ◽  
Corinne J. Rumney ◽  
Clare Hopson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Insect Infestation ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Iron And Zinc

AbstractOur understanding and prevention of postharvest losses are critical if we are to feed a growing global population. Insect infestation-related losses of stored commodities are typically considered only in terms of quantitative, physical weight loss. Insect infestation affects the nutritional value and some nutritional components are impacted more severely than others. We infested maize and cowpea grain with commonly occurring stored product insect pests, and mapped infestation levels against nutritional composition over a 4-to-6 month storage period to analyse how insect infestation relates to different macro- and micro-nutrient contents. Insect infestation decreased the carbohydrate content of the stored grains, causing a relative increase in the proportion of protein and fibre in the remaining grain, and moisture content also increased. Sitophilus zeamais preferentially fed in the floury endosperm of maize, resulting in more carbohydrate loss relative to protein loss. Conversely, Prostephanus truncatus consumed the germ and endosperm, disproportionately reducing the fat, protein, iron and zinc grain contents. Nutrients are distributed more homogenously within cowpea than in maize grains, but Callosobruchus maculatus infestation increased the relative protein, fat, iron and zinc to carbohydrate ratios. This indicates how the nutrient content of insect-infested stored grain depends upon the grain type, the infesting insect, and the infestation level. Insect infestation therefore has consequences for human nutrition beyond those of grain weight loss. Using data collected on the changing nutritional composition of grain over time, with and without insect infestation, we modelled the associations between infestation and nutritional quality to predict estimated nutritional losses that could be associated with consumption of insect-infested stored maize and cowpea.

The Impact of Insect Infestation on Stored Purpled Cocoa Beans

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tettey
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insect Population ◽  
Insect Infestation ◽  
Percentage Weight Loss ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Fermentation Period ◽  
The Impact

Under-fermentation of cocoa beans produces purple beans. The fermentation period is 6 to 7 days but some cocoa farmersunder-ferment their cocoa beans leading to the development of purple cocoa beans. This study determined the impact of insectinfestation on stored purple cocoa beans. Wet cocoa beans were fermented for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days to produce the purple beans.Ephestia cautella and Tribolium castaneum, both singly and in combination, were introduced into the cocoa beans and storedfor different (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) period. Insect population, percentage weight loss and the contaminants produced bythese insects were determined. Cocoa beans infested with E. cautella alone had the highest population of 297.0 ± 22.7. Beansfermented for 3 days had the lowest insect population both singly and in combination after 120 days of storage. The highestpercentage weight loss was recorded in cocoa beans fermented for one day (10.1 ± 1.87%) and 4 days (10.1 ± 8.74%). T.castaneum did not cause much damage to the cocoa beans but E. cautella alone caused significant damage to stored cocoabeans. Insect infestation and poor fermentation contribute significantly to the reduction in quality of cocoa beans.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Formulations of Chlorantraniliprole as Maize Protectants for the Management of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Maria C. Boukouvala ◽  
Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Exposure Interval ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Effective Compound ◽  
Overall Mortality

The larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests of stored maize and dried tubers of cassava, and a wood-boring species. In the present study, we examined two chlorantraniliprole formulations, WG (wettable granule) with 350 g/kg active ingredient (a.i.) and SC (suspension concentrate) with 200 g/L a.i., as maize protectants against P. truncatus adults. Chlorantraniliprole formulations were applied as solutions at 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 ppm, and tested at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Both formulations performed similarly. After 7 days of exposure, the overall mortality provided by both formulations was very low (<17%). Seven days later, mortality was remarkably increased on maize treated with 1 and 10 ppm at 25 and 30 °C for both formulations. The highest mortality was noted in chlorantraniliprole WG, at 10 ppm and 30 °C (98.9%), followed by chlorantraniliprole SC (96.1%), at the same dose and temperature. WG formulation was more effective at 10 ppm and 25 °C (92.8%) than SC formulation (89.4%). No progeny production was noted on maize treated with the WG formulation at 20 and 30 °C. The SC formulation caused complete offspring suppression at 10 ppm at all three tested temperatures. The results of the present work indicate that chlorantraniliprole is an effective compound with a high insecticidal activity against T. truncatus on stored maize that depends on temperature, dose and exposure interval. The fact that chlorantraniliprole is a broad-spectrum insecticide, exhibiting low toxicity to mammals and beneficial arthropods, could be a valuable management tool in storage facilities.

scholarly journals The use of Facebook in a community pharmacist-led weight management programme – a London-based proof of concept study

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i17-i18
Author(s):  
P Crilly ◽  
E Chibueze ◽  
M Khan ◽  
J Modha ◽  
S Satwaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Percentage Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Management Programme ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Adults And Children

Abstract Introduction In the United Kingdom (UK), 63% of adults are overweight,(1) costing the NHS £6.1 billion/year. With the public using digital technology over healthcare professionals (HCPs) for health advice, this warrants an investigation of technology use in community pharmacy, given its previous successful use.(2) Aim To determine the feasibility and perceptions of a community pharmacist (CP)-led weight management programme (WMP), enhanced by a Facebook support group (FSG). Methods A proof of concept study was conducted between January-March 2020. Recruitment was via a pharmacy, the university and a community Facebook group. Inclusion criteria: over 18 years; overweight; no medical conditions. Participants attended face-to-face meetings (ftf) with a CP and final year pharmacy student (PS) on two occasions (0 (baseline) and 4 weeks). At baseline, participants were given the NHS weight loss programme and set weight loss goals. During ftf, participants had height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) measurements by a CP/PS and discussed eating habits, exercise and alcohol. In between ftf, participants accessed the FSG (created (December 2019) and moderated by a CP). Here, they received posts about diet, exercise and motivation. Participants were to have their measurements taken ftf at 8-weeks, however, COVID-19 meant participants had to self-declare these via video call. Following the 8-week programme, participants completed a 4-section survey about their experience (signing up to the service; comparison to previous weight loss attempts; the FSG and overall perceptions). Question types included multiple choice, Likert scale and free text comments. Data were analysed in Excel (Microsoft Corporation 2016) with changes in height, weight, waist circumference, alcohol and exercise being calculated. Results Fifty-five participants were recruited. 18 were lost to follow-up, most (n=12/18) citing COVID-19. Of the 37 participants remaining (70.3% female, mean age=37 years), 22 were obese, the rest overweight. Mean weight loss, mean percentage weight loss and mean WC reduction at 4-weeks was 1.6 kg (SD+/- 1.7 kg), 1.8% (SD+/- 1.9%) and 2 cm (SD+/- 1.96 cm) respectively. At week 8 measurements were self-declared. Mean weight loss at 8-weeks from baseline was 2.7 kg (SD +/- 2.6 kg) and mean percentage weight loss was 3% (SD+/- 3%). Only five participants’ self-declared WC measurements at 8-weeks with mean reduction being 3.6 cm. Five participants moved to healthier BMI classifications by week 8. All participants accessed the FSG at least weekly with 13 accessing it daily. Diet posts were the most popular (n=20/37). Participants learned about portion control and increasing fruits/vegetables intake. All participants would recommend the programme to their friends/family. Conclusion An 8-week CPWMP, enhanced with FSG, supported participants to lose a mean of 3% body weight. Participants accessed the page regularly and were positive about its usefulness. One limitation was that the COVID-19 lockdown prevented the 8-week ftf, therefore, self-declared measurements were used. The pandemic has highlighted the importance of pharmacy embracing technology for service delivery, particularly when in-person contact is limited. The implication of this study is that it provides proof that the concept of digital service delivery could work in practice. References 1. GOV.UK. Tackling obesity: empowering adults and children to live healthier lives [Internet]. Department of Health and Social Care. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 18]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tackling-obesity-government-strategy/tackling-obesity-empowering-adults-and-children-to-live-healthier-lives 2. Crilly P, Kayyali R. A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Telehealth and Digital Technology Use by Community Pharmacists to Improve Public Health. Pharmacy 2020;8(3):137. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2226–4787/8/3/137

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