Hermetic Storage Technology for Food Grains: New Beginning of Organic and Safe Storage for Farmers and Consumers: A Review

The moisture content of grains, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in storage environment affects the storage life of food grains. The moisture content affects on storability of food grains severely, hence the storage structures must be provided with sufficient protection from moisture exchange between grain and atmosphere. The insect and pests grows very fast in presence of oxygen and moisture in the storage environment. The humid climate provides favorable conditions to moulds and insects to grow in most of the food grains and oilseeds. The grains exposed to these favorable environment further not useful for human consumptions. Many harmful chemicals like aflatoxins are formed in oilseeds and cereals. The emerging hermatic storage is highly effective technology to prevent the spoilage of grains without use of any harmful fumigants and chemicals, hence it is popularly known as organic storage technology. In this technology the flow of oxygen and water from external environment is fully controlled by impermeable, triple layer hermatic plastic bags.

Analysis of rainfall data for water management In dry land zone of Karnataka

Bellary region is characterized as one of the semi-arid zones of Karnataka, having only 508 mm of annual rainfall distributed over 35 rainy days. The ill-distribution of rainfall creates at least 5 drought years in every decade. The average rainfa1l distribution shows that there is a total failure in Kharif season. However, some assured rainfall received during September and October a better prospect which assumes for rabi season .This problem can be overcome to. certain extent by scientific management of crops and water. This calls for detailed analysis of any Important water resources Issues. Keeping this mind, an attempt made in this paper to analysis short and long period rainfall data. The probabilities analysis of. rainfall for shorter periods for identification of suitable periods for sowing, return period analysis for designing of soil and water conservation structures and determining the size of storage structures, the identification of number of Various rainfall events for designing water harvesting system for crop and water management are carried out and presented in this paper.

Advances in Postharvest Packaging Systems of Fruits and Vegetable

The production of vegetables and fruits is at a high rate but the major challenging task is the postharvest handling and processing of the products. Approximately 20–30% of the production is being wasted due to a lack of proper postharvest management. Many developments were made to reduce this wastage such as cold chain development, different storage structures, some drying methodologies to promote the shelf life of produce. But all these systems need to be improved and utilized commercially. The losses still occur due to a lack of sound knowledge on the chemical nature of products and different management techniques (e.g., drying, cooling, blanching). Therefore, the successful design of the cooling, packing, storage transport, and drying processes of fresh food requires linking materials sciences, fluid dynamics, mechanical deformation, food chemistry, and process control.

Geospatial Technology Based Water Management Action Plan for South Forest Division of Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu

Aims: Recent climate change impacts rainfall patterns, increasing wildlife and livestock populations in higher densities, which are likely to aggravate water scarcity in forest areas. A sustainable water management strategy and action plan based on scientific inputs are crucial and need of the hour to resolve the water scarcity problem. Hence, the study aims to prepare an action plan and water management strategy for rangelands of Nilgiris using geospatial tools. Study Design: Field survey was conducted to identify the existing water storage structures and water requirement and ASTER GDEM and GIS were used to prepare the water management strategies for Nilgiris south forest division. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out in Nilgiris south division located in between 760 28' 08’’and 760 44' 08" East longitude and 110 10' 81’’and 110 31' 80" North latitude during 2014-2016. Methodology: The study area has been delineated as macro watersheds, and the altitude, slope, forest cover and drainage lines were extracted from ASTER GDEM for generation thematic maps. Rainfall data for twenty years (1995-2014) was collected and runoff was worked out using runoff coefficient of a different land. A field survey was conducted for identifying the existing water storage structures, spatial occupancy of herbivores, spread and water requirement of invasive species in the Nilgiris south forest division. Results: GIS based thematic maps for slope, contour, area coverage under forest range and macro watershed have been prepared, and water availability and water balance components like runoff and evapotranspiration have been determined. After identifying water availability and water balance according to the site conditions and strategies one Earthen cum masonry embankment, 2 Earthen pond with Major check dam, 2 Masonry embankments, 2 Major check dam 7 Medium check dam 100 Minor check dam, 1 RCC Embankment and 99 gabion check dams in South forest division of Nilgiris. Conclusion: Suitable locations were identified and location specific water harvesting structures have been suggested to store 68844 cum of water.

Impact Assessment of Indigenous Field-Level Water Storage Structure (Diggi) on Agriculture in the Great Indian Desert

In the arid region of Rajasthan, India, it is very often a challenge to store rain/surface water for year-round use by human and livestock. The inhabitants of this desert area have developed several water storage structures, which they used to construct based on their indigenous knowledge of local terrain conditions. Recently, farmers living in the lower command areas of Indira Gandhi canal have constructed micro-farm water storage structures, called diggi, in their cropland. They store allocated canal water in diggi to timely utilize it as per irrigation requirements, and thus, done away with problems of deficit and untimely canal water supply. This impact assessment study, carried out in Poogal tehsil of Bikaner district, analyzed high-resolution satellite images of two years and used geographic information system to quantify diggi structures and studied the diggi-growth interactions with changing rainfall pattern as well as land use/land cover. Results showed that during 2018, about 3243 number of structures were constructed compared to 241 existed during 2004-05. The mean annual rainfall increased by 30% and crop area by 12772 ha during the same period that included 7.86% increase in irrigated and 2.98% in rainfed croplands. Thus, diggi based water management has been immensely helpful in the perspective of irrigated agriculture in the desert region.

A Review on Dynamic Analysis and Design of R.C.C Solids Storage Structure

Aim of research paper is to compare and briefly describe about the advantage and limitations of solid storage structure by using Staad Pro Structural software. Solid storage structures are considered as special structures as its design is based on the properties of materials stored. The pressure exerted by the stored material on the side of a bin varies with the processes and arrangements of filling and emptying operations. Due to this variation, it is extremely difficult to analyze the pressure exerted on the walls of the bins. In our research work, we are designing the RCC solid storage structure located in all seismic zones with the help of structural software Staad Pro. The design concept include, all dimensions of structural component based on trial and error method, using Equivalent lateral force method in term of Comparison of different models of concrete solid storage structure for earthquake such as nodal displacement, stress and vertical or horizontal pressure on walls etc. for volume of 180 m3. All the designs have been based on the recommendations of I.S 4995 -1974 (part 1&2) and I.S 456 – 2000 codes, Based on these designs, that dimension of solid storage structures shows least amount of concrete and steel. Main objective of our research work is to compare of different models of concrete solid storage structure for earthquake in terms of nodal displacement, stress and vertical or horizontal pressure on walls etc.

A Survey of incremental high-utility pattern mining based on storage structure

Traditional association rule mining has been widely studied, but this is not applicable to practical applications that must consider factors such as the unit profit of the item and the purchase quantity. High-utility itemset mining (HUIM) aims to find high-utility patterns by considering the number of items purchased and the unit profit. However, most high-utility itemset mining algorithms are designed for static databases. In real-world applications (such as market analysis and business decisions), databases are usually updated by inserting new data dynamically. Some researchers have proposed algorithms for finding high-utility itemsets in dynamically updated databases. Different from the batch processing algorithms that always process the databases from scratch, the incremental HUIM algorithms update and output high-utility itemsets in an incremental manner, thereby reducing the cost of finding high-utility itemsets. This paper provides the latest research on incremental high-utility itemset mining algorithms, including methods of storing itemsets and utilities based on tree, list, array and hash set storage structures. It also points out several important derivative algorithms and research challenges for incremental high-utility itemset mining.

Prevalence of Insects in Traditionally Stored Rice at Farmhouses in Bangladesh

A survey was conducted to investigate rice storage practices at the farmer’s level and the prevalence of insects’ status through a pretested questionnaire in Mymensingh and Jashore districts, Bangladesh. For seed purposes, large, medium, and small farmers store about 40, 10, and 5 kg, respectively in the Aman season for 7 months whereas in the Boro season large and medium farmers keep about 80 and 20 kg for 5 months. Average storage time was the highest (7 months) for Boro and Aman rice by large and small farmers, respectively for consumption. Eleven storage items namely, Dole, Motka, Tin, Plastic Drum, Gunny Bag, Bamboo Gola, Dhari, Bamboo Auri, Berh, Steel Drum, and Plastic Bag were found. About 57 and 74% of farmers stored rice, among them 47 and 58% used traditional Dole in Jashore and Mymensingh, respectively. Tin and Berh (1%) were the least used storage structures. About 11 and 17%; 3 and 4% of farmers used neem leaf and chemicals especially phostoxin in storage as an insect repellent in these areas, respectively. The use of Plastic Bags increased sharply due to lightweight, availability, and low price, whereas Bamboo Gola, Berh, Motka users decreased remarkably. Relative abundance of the insect species was: Rice Moth Sitotroga cerealla, Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae, Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castoreum, and Lesser Meal Worm Alphitobious diaperinus. Maximum insect infestation was found in stored paddy in Dole followed by Motka, and Plastic Bag; and the least amount was observed in Plastic Drum in both regions. Three fourth of the respondents took no measures to control insect pests in stored rice.

Constraints and Suggestions Perceived by the Pulse Farmers of Nayagarh District of Odisha

Aims: To study the constraints faced by pulse farmers in adopting improved pulse production practices and their suggestions to overcome the constraints. Study Design: Ex post facto survey research design with proportionate random sampling techniques. Place and Duration of the Study: Nayagarh district of Odisha during 2019-2020. Methodology: A total of 256 respondents covering 8 villages from 4 blocks of Nayagarh district were selected as sample respondents. The data were collected by personal interview using a well structured questionnaire. The data were tabulated and analyzed by using Garrett’s ranking technique for the study of constraints and suggestions. Results: The findings of the study indicate that major constraints for adopting pulse production technologies were improper knowledge about recommended doses of pesticides and fertilizers (59.57 percent), lack of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies time to time (59.2 percent), lack of technology and training to create local storage structures (66.55 percent) and inadequate training of farmers (55.49 percent). Major suggestions of pulse farmers to overcome these constraints were improved varieties should be provided (68.04 percent), more number of FLDs should be given in village to enable other farmers to take advantage (66.85 percent) and training be imparted to implement new technologies (66.85 percent). Conclusion: Research on modification of agronomic practices and their different components for excelling production under changing climatic scenario need to be strengthened with more training for the farmers to enrich their knowledge and skill about pulse production.