scholarly journals Bilirubin: The toxic mechanisms of an antioxidant molecule

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Molecule

scholarly journals Use of Thiols in the Treatment of COVID-19: Current Evidence

Lung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Cazzola ◽  
Paola Rogliani ◽  
Sundeep Santosh Salvi ◽  
Josuel Ora ◽  
Maria Gabriella Matera
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Antioxidant Defences ◽  
Antioxidant Molecule ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

AbstractThere is a possible role for oxidative stress, a state characterized by an altered balance between the production of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences, in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the genesis of which is quite complex. Excessive oxidative stress could be responsible for the alveolar damage, thrombosis, and red blood cell dysregulation observed in COVID-19. Apparently, deficiency of glutathione (GSH), a low-molecular-weight thiol that is the most important non-enzymatic antioxidant molecule and has the potential to keep the cytokine storm in check, is a plausible explanation for the severe manifestations and death in COVID-19 patients. Thiol drugs, which are considered mucolytic, also possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They exhibit antibacterial activity against a variety of medically important bacteria and may be an effective strategy against influenza virus infection. The importance of oxidative stress during COVID-19 and the various pharmacological characteristics of thiol-based drugs suggest a possible role of thiols in the treatment of COVID-19. Oral and intravenous GSH, as well as GSH precursors such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or drugs containing the thiol moiety (erdosteine) may represent a novel therapeutic approach to block NF-kB and address the cytokine storm syndrome and respiratory distress observed in COVID-19 pneumonia patients

Toxic mechanisms and pharmacological properties of euptox A, a toxic monomer from A. adenophora

Fitoterapia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 105032
Author(s):  
Samuel Kumi Okyere ◽  
Juan Wen ◽  
Yujing Cui ◽  
Lei Xie ◽  
Pei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Toxic Mechanisms

scholarly journals PHARMACOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MELATONIN

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 214-227
Author(s):  
Rebeca CAPARICA ◽  
Erica Aparecida ROZISCA ◽  
Julio César MACENA ◽  
Laís de Almeida CAMPOS ◽  
Diana Fortkamp GRIGOLETTO
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Free Radical Scavenger ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
And Control ◽  
Antioxidant Molecule

Melatonin was discovered by Lerner and Coworkers in 1958, and is the main product secreted by the pineal gland. It is a phylogenetically highly conserved molecule and one of the oldest biological signaling mechanisms. It presents several biological functions, among them the most studied is the regulation of the sleep cycle and wakefulness. In addition, melatonin acts as an immunomodulatory, antioxidant molecule and has anticarcinogenic potential. It also participates in the regulation of mood and control of seasonal reproduction. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and several of its metabolites have the ability to remove singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals, hydroperoxides, hydroxyl radicals and radical lipid peroxides. It easily penetrates cell membranes by being soluble in aqueous and organic media, playing a key role in cell biology. Although their activities are interesting for therapy, their low availability, short half-life, and rapid metabolism restrict their use. In this sense, nanotechnology is a tool that has been studied for the elaboration of systems that improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of melatonin, in order to potentiate its application in biological models. This review summarizes several studies published in recent years that have shown the most numerous biological activities of melatonin and the improvement of their therapeutic potential through nanotechnology.

scholarly journals Neurotoxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of Endogenous Neurotoxins

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12805
Author(s):  
Yanlu Cao ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Nafissa Ismail ◽  
Kevin Smith ◽  
Tianmei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Abnormal Metabolism ◽  
Toxic Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
New Research ◽  
Endogenous Substances

Endogenous and exogenous neurotoxins are important factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In the 1980s, the discovery that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) contributes to Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms led to new research investigations on neurotoxins. An abnormal metabolism of endogenous substances, such as condensation of bioamines with endogenous aldehydes, dopamine (DA) oxidation, and kynurenine pathway, can produce endogenous neurotoxins. Neurotoxins may damage the nervous system by inhibiting mitochondrial activity, increasing oxidative stress, increasing neuroinflammation, and up-regulating proteins related to cell death. This paper reviews the biological synthesis of various known endogenous neurotoxins and their toxic mechanisms.

Chemical biology of nitric oxide: Regulation and protective and toxic mechanisms

1996 ◽  
pp. 159-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wink ◽  
Ingeborg Hanbauer ◽  
Matthew B. Grisham ◽  
Francoise Laval ◽  
Raymond W. Nims ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Toxic Mechanisms

Intracellular oxidative damage due to antibiotics on gut bacteria reduced by glutathione oxidoreductase-derived antioxidant molecule GM15

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (5) ◽  
pp. 1127-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anbazahan Sannasimuthu ◽  
Dhrubjyoti Sharma ◽  
Bilal Ahamad Paray ◽  
Mohammad K. Al-Sadoon ◽  
Jesu Arockiaraj
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Antioxidant Molecule

Study of Ecotoxicity of Nano Ni(OH)2 in Carassius auratus

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 315-318
Author(s):  
Zhao Xia Dai ◽  
Ying Yin ◽  
Shi He Wang
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
Active Oxygen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Oxygen Scavenging ◽  
Nano Material ◽  
Toxic Mechanisms ◽  
Mutual Action

The research aimed to investigate the ecotoxicity of nano Ni(OH)2 from the leakage of lithium battery leakage on Carassius auratus. Choosing Carassius auratus as test biology, Researched on Content of free radical in the liver, SOD, GST and GSH. The main findings are as follows: As proved by EPR spinning trapping, nano Ni(OH)2 may induce the generation of hydroxyl radical in the body of Carassius auratus, which may impose significant impact on such active oxygen scavenging systems as SOD, GST and GSH. Nano Ni(OH)2 as concentrated in the fish body may incur redox reaction, and produce redox metabolic intermediate. The study provides the theoretical basis for safety problems might be incurred by mutual action between nano-material and organisms. As one of important toxic mechanisms of nano Ni(OH)2 to Carassius auratus, oxidative stress mechanism requires further study.

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