Genetic Variation and Its Exploitation in White and Engelmann Spruce

Genetic variation in white and Engelmann spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and P. engelmannii Parry) reported in the literature is reviewed, and proposals are made to use this information to increase productivity in current forestry practice and to direct future research.Because research in the genetic variation of these species has only recently been initiated, it will take decades before the products of breeding can be utilized. The best way to exploit genetic variation in the species during the long waiting period between the initiation of a breeding program and the attainment of its objectives is to (1) demarcate seed zones, (2) establish seed production areas, (3) maintain a seed register and, (4) locate nurseries in appropriate climatic zones (match provenance with nursery). The forester who follows these practices will likely succeed in producing a productive man-made forest.

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SOIL APPLICATION OF CARBOFURAN TO CONTROL SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN A MANAGED WHITE SPRUCE SEED PRODUCTION AREA

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent113949-10 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 113 (10) ◽

pp. 949-951 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. H. Fogal ◽

D. A. Winston ◽

S. M. Lopushanski ◽

D. A. MacLeod ◽

A. J. Willcocks

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Picea Glauca ◽

Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽

Spruce Budworm ◽

White Spruce ◽

Cone Production ◽

Seed Supply ◽

Current Outbreak ◽

Production Area ◽

Production Areas

White spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, is a major commercial tree species used in reforestation programs throughout Canada, and seed requirements cannot be met in some years because of insect damage and the periodic nature of cone crops. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), feeds on buds and cones of its hosts, causing a pronounced decrease in cone production (Schooley 1978). A current outbreak in northeastern Ontario poses a serious threat to white spruce seed supply from high value, managed seed production areas. Therefore, in 1979, we began an experiment to determine whether carbofuran, a systemic insecticide, could be used to protect buds and cones when applied to soil. We chose carbofuran because it has proved successful for control of some insects in seed orchards in the southeastern United States (DeBarr 1978)

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Population genetic variation, structure, and evolution in Engelmann spruce, white spruce, and their natural hybrid complex in Alberta

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b00-054 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 78 (6) ◽

pp. 768-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Om P Rajora ◽

Bruce P Dancik

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Picea Glauca ◽

White Spruce ◽

Natural Hybridization ◽

Putative Hybrid ◽

Species Differentiation ◽

Engelmann Spruce ◽

Hybrid Complex ◽

Allozyme Loci ◽

Putative Hybrids

Genetic variation, structure, and evolution of 12 populations of putative Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanii Parry), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and Engelmann - white spruce natural hybrids from the sympatric areas and two populations of white spruce from the allopatric areas in Alberta were examined using 23 allozyme loci coding for 13 enzymes in needles. Although most of the alleles were widespread, unique alleles were found in 9 of the 14 populations. No species-specific allele was observed. However, allele frequency differences were observed between the putative Engelmann and white spruce populations at a number of loci. Frequencies of 13 alleles showed significant correlation with altitude, those of 11 alleles showed correlation with latitude, and those of 3 alleles showed correlation with longitude. On average, 66.2% (99% criterion) of the loci were polymorphic, the number of alleles per locus was 1.88, the number of alleles per polymorphic locus was 2.88, and the observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.063 and 0.184, respectively. Genetic variability of allopatric white spruce, putative Engelmann, sympatric white spruce, and hybrid populations was quite comparable. The mean FST estimate was 0.123 for the total populations. Canonical discriminant functions separated four putative Engelmann spruce populations from the fifth putative Engelmann spruce population and from the allopatric and sympatric white spruce and sympatric putative hybrid populations. A cluster analysis from genetic distances generally separated allopatric and sympatric white spruce populations from the putative Engelmann spruce and hybrid populations. A Wagner tree of the 14 populations produced two main branches; one branch consisting of two allopatric and two sympatric white spruce and one putative hybrid populations, and another branch consisting of the remaining nine spruce populations representing putative Engelmann spruce, putative hybrids, and sympatric white spruce. Putative hybrids showed lower distances to white spruce from the canonical discriminant analysis, whereas they showed lower distances to putative Engelmann spruce from the genetic distance analysis. High allozyme genetic identities between putative Engelmann and white spruce and allelic differentiation related to altitude in Alberta suggest that Engelmann spruce could at best be considered as a subspecies of Picea glauca, with white spruce named as Picea glauca ssp. glauca and Engelmann spruce named as Picea glauca ssp. engelmannii.Key words: Picea glauca, Picea engelmannii, biosystematics, natural hybridization, species differentiation, genetic divergence.

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Genetics and Breeding of Jack and Lodgepole Pines in Canada

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc45428-6 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 428-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. W. Yeatman ◽

A. H. Teich

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Early Improvement ◽

Seed Collection ◽

Phenotypic Quality ◽

Seed Origin ◽

Increase Productivity ◽

Lodgepole Pines ◽

Production Areas

Genetic variation of jack pine and lodgepole pine is reviewed in relation to artificial regeneration in Canada. Broad patterns of variation conform to adaptational gradients in relation to latitude, length of growing season, temperature, and altitude. Intensive selection and breeding to increase productivity of these species has been initiated recently by a number of agencies in Canada but it will be some time before superior seed is available from seed orchards.Natural populations of jack pine and lodgepole pine will continue to supply bulk quantities of seed. Early improvement in the genetic quality of seed for reforestation will be made by the proper choice of seed source. Until provenance tests provide more definitive answers to seed movement, seed should be collected locally, i.e. within the geo-climatic zone in which it is to be used. Stands of good phenotypic quality should be designated for seed production well in advance of anticipated requirements for seed. Such stands may be developed as seed production areas or incorporated into harvesting schedules. Accurate records of seed origin should be maintained from seed collection to outplanting or direct seeding to provide a basis for future selection of prime sources for seed collection and of breeding stock.

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Genetic variation in wood properties of interior spruce. I. Growth, latewood percentage, and wood density

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x02-138 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (12) ◽

pp. 2116-2127 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Milosh Ivkovich ◽

Gene Namkoong ◽

Mathew Koshy

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Correlation ◽

Wood Density ◽

Picea Glauca ◽

Ring Width ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Engelmann Spruce ◽

The Family ◽

Interior Spruce ◽

Sib Families

Quantitative genetic variation in growth, latewood percentage, and wood density was investigated for British Columbia's interior spruce (the common name for white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmanni Parry ex Engelm.; and their hybrids). The study included 160 half-sib families from the East Kootenay and Prince George regions. At the time of sampling, progeny tests for those two regions were 20 and 22 years old, respectively. Univariate and multivariate restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of genetic parameters were obtained. Estimates of genetic variances and heritabilities differed greatly across planting sites for the examined traits, especially after transplantation between the regions. Significant negative genetic correlation between overall growth and wood density was found for the East Kootenay progenies, while negative but nonsignificant genetic correlation between these traits was found for the Prince George progenies. Generally, there was no significant decrease in heritability for ring width and latewood percentage in successive growth rings. A general age trend for genetic correlation between those traits was not apparent, except that the correlation remained negative during the observed period. Our results show that it is not possible to select certain families as superior based on 1-year results because of the family by growing season interactions. Nevertheless, genetic ageage correlations for cumulative increments were high, having a decreasing trend with increasing difference in age.

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Genetics and Breeding of Black Spruce and Red Spruce

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc45408-6 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 408-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. K. Morgenstern ◽

D. P. Fowler

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Tree Breeding ◽

Field Studies ◽

Red Spruce ◽

Maritime Provinces ◽

Early Application ◽

Seed Zones ◽

Production Areas ◽

Selection Of

This review emphasizes findings that are of value for early application in tree breeding and silviculture. Black spruce and red spruce are closely related genetically and hybridize where their ranges overlap, particularly in the Maritime Provinces. Black spruce provenance experiments indicate a possibility of increasing yield by moving southern provenances from continental areas north into mild maritime climates. Red spruce provenance experiments and field studies suggest that populations containing hybrids are vigorous and more resistant to the spruce bud-worm than pure populations. As reforestation programs develop, priorities in the application of genetics to silviculture are: (1) designation of seed zones; (2) development of seed production areas; and (3) selection of plus trees and establishment of seed orchards.

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Genetic variation and seed zones of Douglas-fir in the Siskiyou National Forest.

10.2737/pnw-rp-461 ◽

1993 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert K. Campbell ◽

Albert I. Sugano

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

National Forest ◽

Seed Zones

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Natural establishment of Pinus spp. around seed production areas and orchards

Forest Ecology and Management ◽

10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 494 ◽

pp. 119333

Author(s):

Magda Paula dos Santos ◽

Marcio José de Araujo ◽

Paulo Henrique Müller da Silva

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Natural Establishment ◽

Pinus Spp ◽

Production Areas

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Significant genetic differences among Heterodera schachtii populations within and among sugar beet production areas

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003297 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 165-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rasha Haj Nuaima ◽

Johannes Roeb ◽

Johannes Hallmann ◽

Matthias Daub ◽

Holger Heuer

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

Population Genetic Structure ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Geographic Distance ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Neutral Genetic Variation ◽

Production Areas

Summary Characterising the non-neutral genetic variation within and among populations of plant-parasitic nematodes is essential to determine factors shaping the population genetic structure. This study describes the genetic variation of the parasitism gene vap1 within and among geographic populations of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Forty populations of H. schachtii were sampled at four spatial scales: 695 km, 49 km, 3.1 km and 0.24 km. DGGE fingerprinting showed significant differences in vap1 patterns among populations. High similarity of vap1 patterns appeared between geographically close populations, and occasionally among distant populations. Analysis of spatially sampled populations within fields revealed an effect of tillage direction on the vap1 similarity for two of four studied fields. Overall, geographic distance and similarity of vap1 patterns of H. schachtii populations were negatively correlated. In conclusion, the population genetic structure was shaped by the interplay between the genetic adaptation and the passive transport of this nematode.

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