Distribution and occurrence of western gall rust in thinned jack pine stands

Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the most important commercial species in northwestern Ontario and is the principal host of one of the most serious stem rusts, western gall rust (WGR) caused by Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hirat. In 1986 a trial was established to determine, in part, effects of precommercial thinning on the distribution and occurrence of WGR in jack pine. A 9 year-old aerially seeded jack pine stand was thinned to square spacings of 1 m, 1.5 m, 2 m, 2.5 m, 3 m and a control. Fifth-year results indicated that a significant quadratic trend (p = 0.014) existed between spacing and stem gall infection rate. The incidence of WGR (stem galls) increased as stand density decreased to a maximum at 1.5 m spacing, and then declined to roughly the infection rate of the control at the lowest density (3 m). A significant relationship (0.084) between crown class and the rate of branch gall infection rate was also detected. The branch gall infection rate decreased from 6.2% year−1 for dominant trees to 2.8% year−1 for trees categorized as suppressed. Based on these results, pre-commercial thinning operations should target those trees with main stem galls and/or numerous branch galls, regardless of size and crown position, and then focus on the removal of suppressed trees to meet the desired density target. This strategy should not only enhance growth of the remaining trees, but also reduce WGR inoculum levels and reduce future WGR-related mortality. Key words: jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii (J.R Moore) Y. Hirat.), pre-commercial thinning, white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck.)

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Negligible Cull and Growth Loss of Jack Pine Associated with Globose Gall Rust

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc59308-6 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 308-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

H. L. Gross

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Tree Size ◽

The Other ◽

Size Difference ◽

Northwestern Ontario ◽

Endocronartium Harknessii ◽

Growth Loss ◽

Pine Stands ◽

Mature Stands

The height and diameter of galled and unaffected jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were compared for five stands in northwestern Ontario. The severity of infection by globose gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii [J.P. Moore] Y. Hirat.) was rated as the total number of galls per tree and the number of stem galls per tree.Comparison of galled with unaffected trees in all stands showed essentially no size difference. Tree size increased relative to the number of galls per tree in one of the stands. This relationship was interpreted as reflecting that large individuals had more sites susceptible to infection. Trees were more uniform in size for the other stands and no size difference associated with numbers of galls was apparent.Galls were observed on the branches but not on the main stem of trees studied in mature stands. Hence, defect associated with the merchantable portion of the bole was nil. Both stem galls and branch galls were fairly common in young stands, an indication that jack pines with stem galls usually die as stands mature. Observations in other jack pine stands indicate that galled tissue and associated tree parts frequently do die.

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Genetically based resistance to the white pine weevil in jack pine and eastern white pine

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc86775-6 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 775-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alice Verrez ◽

Dan Quiring ◽

Thibaut Leinekugel Le Cocq ◽

Greg Adams ◽

Yill Sung Park

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Tree Height ◽

Jack Pine ◽

White Pine ◽

Pissodes Strobi ◽

Pine Weevil ◽

Tree Resistance ◽

Trade Offs ◽

White Pine Weevil

White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) damage was evaluated in one white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and four jack pine(Pinus banksiana Lamb) half-sib family test sites to determine the role of tree genotype in resistance to the weevil. Halfsibfamily explained a significant proportion of the variation in weevil attack at all sites. Estimates of family (0.16-0.54)and individual (0.09-0.24) heritabilities of jack pine resistance to white pine weevil were moderate. Estimates of family(0.37) and individual (0.22) heritability of resistance of white pine to the weevil were also moderate when the percentageof test trees damaged by the weevil was relatively low, but were insignificant four years later when more than three-quartersof trees were damaged. Significant positive correlations between mean tree height and mean incidence of trees damagedby the weevil were observed for four of seven site-years but relationships were weak, suggesting that any cost, withrespect to height growth, to breeding weevil resistant trees may be small.Key words: Pinus, Pissodes strobi, trade-offs, tree improvement, tree resistance, white pine weevil.

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Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers on growth of a semimature jack pine forest, northwestern Ontario

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc71422-4 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 422-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. K. Morrison ◽

N. W. Foster

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Growth Response ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Class Iii ◽

Forest Fertilization ◽

Site Class ◽

Northwestern Ontario ◽

Volume Increment ◽

A Site ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

In the spring of 1969, an experiment to test response (mean DBH, BA, BA%, and total and merchantable volume increments) to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) fertilizers, singly and in combination, was established in a semimature jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest on a Site Class III sandy site in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Analysis of variance of 10-year increments revealed highly significant (P = 0.01) responses of mean DBH increment, BA and percent BA increments, and total and merchantable volume increments to N, but no response to either P or Mg. An interaction between N and P was noted, however, in relation to BA and to total and merchantable volume increments. The best treatment in terms of total volume increment over that of the control was 151 kg N ha−1 plus 62 kg Mg ha−1, which produced ca. 16 m3 ha−1 of extra wood over 10 years. Key words: forest fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium fertilizers, jack pine growth response

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AN ANALYSIS OF MEASURES OF DENSITY IN EVEN-AGED BALSAM FIR AND JACK PINE STANDS

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc40474-4 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 474-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. E. Vezina

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Abies Balsamea ◽

Basal Area ◽

Stand Density ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Balsam Fir ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Growing Stock ◽

The One ◽

Crown Closure

The concept of stand density in relation to thinning is examined and its development over the years is discussed. Present difficulties of objectively measuring stand density are recognized and probable future trends towards the development of better formulae to express stand density are outlined. Researchers should continue to collect information on interrelationships among stand variables. Certain merits accrue from description of stand density in terms of variables, such as crown closure, that can be measured with some precision from aerial photographs. Conversely, valid estimates of crown closure which are often difficult to obtain by means of devices from the ground, could be predicted from stand density. Three stand variables, used as expressions of stand density, were tested in crown closure simple regressions in even-aged, unmanaged stands of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). These are: total number of trees, number of trees 4 inches and up, and basal area per acre. The strongest relationship found was the one where crown closure is compared with basal area; it was stronger for jack pine than for balsam fir. This was explained by differences in tolerance among the two species. The significance of these relationships for the stand development, and the feasibility of using height-and diameter-based indices as measures of growing stock in studies of yield are discussed.

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Ten-year Response of Semimature Jack Pine Forest in Northwestern Ontario to Fall Nitrogen-Phosphorus and Nitrogen-Potassium Fertilizer Treatments

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc57208-5 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 208-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. K. Morrison ◽

N. W. Foster ◽

H. S. D. Swan

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Block Design ◽

Field Trials ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Potassium Fertilizer ◽

Forest Fertilization ◽

Northwestern Ontario ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Best Response ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Results are reported from the third in a series of three industry-sponsored forest fertilization field trials established in an approximately 55-year-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario. The experiment was of randomized block design and tested various combinations of N plus P and N plus K. The experiment was unique in that fertilizers were applied in the fall on approximately 5 cm of early snow. Significant increases over control for several parameters after both five and ten years were noted for several treatments. Best response in relation to total volume increment over ten years was to N at 112 kg/ha plus K at 93 kg/ha where 21.72 m3/ha of extra wood was produced.

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Calibrating jack pine allometric relationships with simultaneous regressions

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x08-090 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 2566-2578 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Robert Schneider ◽

Frank Berninger ◽

Chhun-Huor Ung ◽

Pierre Y. Bernier ◽

D. Edwin Swift ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Basal Area ◽

Stand Density ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽

Tree Level ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Sapwood Area ◽

Pipe Model

Allometric equations for estimating foliage biomass, sapwood area, and branch basal area from tree diameters and crown lengths for jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in eastern Canada were calibrated using mixed models. A first model is presented that relates branch foliage biomass to branch diameter and relative position within the crown. These results show that a branch’s foliage biomass is inversely proportional to its depth within the crown. At the tree level, foliage biomass was found to be proportional to crown length and to vary with stem age and slenderness. Pipe model parameters (sapwood area and branch basal area to foliage biomass) were also calculated. The sapwood area to foliage biomass parameter is proportional to stand density, whereas branch basal area to foliage biomass is constant. The tree-level allometeric models were calibrated using a mixed-effects seemingly unrelated regression to account for between-model correlations.

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Stability of resistance to western gall rust and needle cast in lodgepole pine provenances

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x98-009 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 439-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Harry X Wu ◽

Cheng C Ying

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Needle Cast ◽

Geographic Patterns ◽

Endocronartium Harknessii ◽

Stability Of Resistance ◽

Site Evaluation

Stability of 76 interior lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Engelm.) provenances in resistance to western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. More) Y. Hiratsuka) and needle cast (Lophodermella concolor (Dearn.) Darker) was investigated from 19 and 23 sites in the British Columbia interior, respectively. Provenances, sites, and provenance by site interaction had significant effects on severity level of infection of both diseases. Susceptible provenances contributed mainly to the interaction. The resistant provenances to both diseases were very stable and essentially homeostatic across sites (regression coefficient approaching 0). Resistant provenances were concentrated in the jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) - lodgepole pine hybrid zone and adjacent areas, and provenances from the low-elevation interior wetbelt were also very resistant to needle cast. Geographic patterns of provenance variation revealed that the closer a lodgepole pine provenance is to the limit of jack pine distribution, the higher and more stable is its resistance to western gall rust and needle cast. The current multiple-site evaluation supports for the hypothesis that jack pine introgression influences pest defence in lodgepole pine and suggests genetic selection can be effective.

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A Mathematically Tractable Stem Profile Model for Jack Pine in Ontario

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/16.3.138 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 138-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

W. T. Zakrzewski

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Stand Density ◽

Tree Height ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Volume Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

New Model ◽

Volume Estimates

Abstract A new model was derived to describe the inside bark cross-sectional area of tree stems. It is a rational function. The inputs required by the model are outside bark tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height (H). Knowledge of a species-specific bark thickness at 1.3 m expressed in terms of input variables is also needed. Defining the model involves estimating two regression coefficients using either nonlinear or linear regression (after linearization of the model). The formula is analytically integrable and thus provides analytical inside bark volume estimates for any stem section defined by height limits. The model is analytically solvable for a stem height location at any given inside bark diameter, so that stem sections can be defined by the required inside bark diameter limits. The new model can be calibrated using either section diameter or section volume data. It is suggested that involving the ratio H/DBH in the model accounts for the influence of stand density on stem profile. The formula was calibrated for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Ontario. Wider applicability of the model is supported by results obtained for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in Ontario and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in Finland. Comparing volume estimates from the new model with those generated by Honer's formula confirms the advantages of the new model. North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):138-143.

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DIORYCTRIA BANKSIELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN THE WESTERN GALL RUST, ENDOCRONARTUM HARKNESSII (BASIDIOMYCETES: UREDINALES)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent104251-2 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 251-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. R. Wong

Keyword(s):

Larval Stage ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Seasonal Occurrence ◽

Gall Tissue ◽

Endocronartium Harknessii ◽

Lepidoptera Pyralidae

AbstractThe seasonal occurrence and larval habits of Dioryctria banksiella Mutuura, Munroe, and Ross in the western gall rust Endocronartium harknessii (J. P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., were studied in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The early instars score the gall tissue below the bark, and the later instars mine the gall tissue and heartwood. The insect overwinters in the larval stage. The last-instar larvae pupate partly exposed and not entirely within the rust gall from June to July and adults emerge from July to August. The six species of parasites recovered from D. banksiella were Bracon lutus Provancher, Bracon sp., Microchelonus sp., Agathis binominata Muesebeck, Exeristes comstockii (Cresson), and Stiboscopus n. sp. Morphological characters used in separating the last-instar larvae and pupae of D. banksiella from those of other known species of Dioryctria are given.

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Stand Density Management Diagram for Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/24.1.22 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 22-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mahadev Sharma ◽

S.Y. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Stand Density ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽

Using Data ◽

Stand Density Management ◽

Crown Closure ◽

Stand Density Management Diagram

Abstract A stand density management diagram was developed for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands using the data obtained from 125 permanent sample plots (PSPs) established in Ontario and 232 PSPs in Quebec, Canada. The diagram was evaluated using data from 40 PSPs established in Ontario. Recently developed and efficient models have been used in constructing the diagram to estimate diameters and heights for the trees for which no diameters or heights were recorded at the time of stand inventory. Relative density indices of 0.15, 0.40, and 0.55 were used, corresponding to the line of approximate crown closure, the limit of productive zone, and the lower limit of competition-related mortality, respectively. If two stand characteristics are known, including mean total tree volume, quadratic mean diameter, trees per hectare, and average dominant height, the others can be readily obtained using the diagram. The consequences of various thinning scenarios can be plotted and visualized in the field without the need for computer simulation.

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