Canada's oldest permanent sample plots — thinning in white and red pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin Burgess ◽  
Craig Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Set Up

Two of the oldest permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Canada were set up at Petawawa, Ontario (45° 57′ N, 77° 34′ W) to examine the effect of thinning on the development of natural white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait). Field data were collected periodically, starting in 1918 when the stand was 40 years old and continuing for 71 years. Six thinning treatments were completed, beginning in 1918, and then in 1933, 1941, 1959, 1969 and 1989. The intensity of thinning varied through time with 14, 27, 38, 8, 30, and 7% of the basal area removed. The sawlog volume mean annual increment for the thinned plot remained stable at about five m3 ha−1 yr−1, but the sawlog volume periodic annual increment for the control declined markedly during the last 10-year measurement period to less than 2 m3 ha−1 yr−1. The residual volume was higher in the control; but, if the harvested sawlog volume (264.5 m3 ha−1) was added to the residual sawlog volume (301.3 m3 ha−1) for PSP one, then the sawlog production on the thinned plot has been about the same and its residual volume concentrated on fewer, larger and more valuable trees. The level of natural mortality in the control plot (129.7 m3 ha−1 of sawlog volume) was greater than 10 times that in the thinned plot, thereby adding more coarse woody debris to improve wildlife habitat. These two approaches had a major influence on stand development. The approach used will depend on specific stand-level management objectives. Key words: white pine, red pine, natural stand management, shelterwood system, permanent sample plots.

scholarly journals Erratum

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-811 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Set Up

Two of the oldest permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Canada were set up at Petawawa, Ontario (45° 57′ N, 77° 34′ W) to examine the effect of thinning on the development of natural white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). Field data were collected periodically, starting in 1918 when the stand was 40 years old and continuing for 71 years. Six thinning treatments were completed, beginning in 1918, and then in 1933,1941,1959,1969 and 1989. The intensity of thinning varied through time with 14, 27, 38, 8, 30, and 7% of the basal area removed. The sawlog volume mean annual increment for the thinned plot remained stable at about five m3 ha−1 yr−1, but the sawlog volume periodic annual increment for the control declined markedly during the last 10-year measurement period to less than 2 m3 ha−1 yr−1. The residual volume was higher in the control; but, if the harvested sawlog volume (264.5 m3 ha−1) was added to the residual sawlog volume (301.3 m3 ha−1) for PSP one, then the sawlog production on the thinned plot has been about the same and its residual volume concentrated on fewer, larger and more valuable trees. The level of natural mortality in the control plot (129.7 m3 ha−1 of sawlog volume) was greater than 10 times that in the thinned plot, thereby adding more coarse woody debris to improve wildlife habitat. These two approaches had a major influence on stand development. The approach used will depend on specific stand-level management objectives. Key words: white pine, red pine, natural stand management, shelterwood system, permanent sample plots

RPGrow$: A Red Pine Analysis Spreadsheet for the Lake States

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Carol A. Hyldahl ◽  
Gerald H. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Final Harvest

Abstract RPGrow$ is a spreadsheet that interactively projects standlevel growth and yield with financial analysis of red pine plantations in the Lake States. Three types of commonly found conditions related to red pine management can be analyzed: (1) an entire rotation from initial planting to final harvest; (2) an existing stand from any point in time until final harvest; and (3) conversion of an existing stand to red pine (marginal analysis). Stand growth projections are for 70 yr. User input includes site index, stand age, initial basal area, trees per acre, thinning regime, costs associated with establishment and culture, tax rates, inflation rate, and discount rate. RPGrow$ calculates and values pulpwood and sawtimber volumes from user-defined stumpage prices. The financial analysis uses discounted cash flow methods to calculate results both with and without tax effects. Different stand management scenarios and economic factors can be compared easily through sensitivity analysis. North. J. Appl. For. 11(4):141-145.

scholarly journals Wildlife Responses to Thinning Red Pine

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis C. Bender ◽  
Donna L. Minnis ◽  
Jonathan B. Haufler
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Wildlife Use ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract Red pine is the most intensively managed conifer type in the Lake States, but its typical stand structure of a closed canopy with little understory results in poor wildlife habitat. We evaluated the effects of thinning mature red pine stands on wildlife habitat attributes and use. Red pine stands were thinned to a residual basal area of 16.1 m²/ha and 25.3 m²/ha and compared with controls (>32.1 m²/ha) in terms of understory development, small mammal use, and ungulate use. Overstory thinning resulted in increased woody shrub densities and understory productivity. Small mammal populations tended to increase with overstory thinning, but the results were inconclusive. Elk and deer use increased with overstory removal. Increased ungulate use was likely attributable to increased forage quantity and quality and increased hiding/security cover attributes of the thinned stands. We conclude that overstory thinning can be an effective means of enhancing wildlife habitat and increasing wildlife use of red pine. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):141-146.

scholarly journals Establishment of the Box-Ironbark Ecological Thinning Trial in north central Victoria

2010 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Patrick Pigott ◽  
Grant P. Palmer ◽  
Alan L. Yen ◽  
Arn D. Tolsma ◽  
Geoff W. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Mosaic Landscape ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Debris Removal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Set Up

An ecological thinning trial was established in 2003 in north-central Victoria as part of the development of an ecological management strategy to support the newly created Box-Ironbark Parks and Reserves System. The objective of the trial was to restore diversity of habitat structure to declining Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands. Three ecological thinning techniques were designed around several principles: reducing total basal-area of trees and retaining levels of patchiness whilst retaining large trees. Thinning treatments were implemented in 30 ha plots at four conservation reserves south of Bendigo, Victoria. A range of ecosystem components were monitored before and after thinning. A woody-debris removal treatment was also set-up at a 1 ha scale within thinning treatments. Prior to thinning, plots were dominated by high numbers of coppice regenerated trees with few of the trees sampled considered large, resulting in low numbers of tree hollows and low loadings of coarse woody debris. It is anticipated that the establishment of the ecological thinning trial (Phase I), is the beginning of long-term monitoring, as effects of thinning on key habitat values may not be apparent for up to 50 years or more. The vision for restoration of Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands is one of a mosaic landscape with a greater diversity of habitat types including open areas and greater numbers of larger, hollow-bearing trees. This paper summarises the experimental design and the techniques adopted in Phase I of this project during 2003-2008.

Contributions of harvest slash to maintaining downed woody debris in selection-managed forests

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1680-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Vanderwel ◽  
Hilary C. Thorpe ◽  
John P. Caspersen
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Decay Class ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Selection Harvesting ◽  
Downed Woody Debris

Harvest slash can represent a major source of downed woody debris (DWD) in selection-managed forests. In this study, we analyze the volume, cover, size distribution, and decay-class distribution of DWD input by selection harvesting in central Ontario, Canada. Selection harvesting input 23.9 m3 DWD·ha–1 (0.013 m2 DWD·m–2), with cut basal area explaining 46% and 30% of the respective within-stand variation in cover and volume, respectively. The size distribution of the slash was similar to that of DWD in permanent sample plots (including old-growth stands and stands that have not been recently harvested), countering a common assumption that harvesting inputs only small-sized material. Harvest-origin DWD was bimodally distributed across decay classes, with the first peak (decay class 1) associated with fresh harvest slash and a second smaller peak (decay class 3) likely representing dead trees and branches that were felled or broken during harvest operations. A matrix projection model showed that slash can maintain DWD levels in managed, uneven-aged stands comparable with those in unmanaged stands, but the mean decay class increases steadily over a 20-year period after harvest. Our results underline the importance of harvest inputs for maintaining DWD pools in selection-managed forests and provide baseline information against which to compare forests managed with higher utilization standards.

Managing wildlife habitat in red pine and white pine forests of central Ontario

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Timber Management ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Complete Representation

About 80% of the forest-dwelling wildlife found in central Ontario use forest associations containing red pine or white pine. Providing habitat for this diversity of species requires management of pine forests at three levels. Nests of sensitive species and other critical habitats require site-specific protection afforded by guidelines that modify timber management practices. Generic stand-level prescriptions are required to ensure the provision of cavity trees, down woody debris, mast, and supercanopy trees. Forest-level planning must address the supply of pine associations across the landscape, consider the spatial configuration of pine patches, and strive to provide a complete representation of age classes. Key words: red pine, white pine, wildlife habitat, critical habitats, cavity trees, down woody debris, mast, supercanopy trees, landscape diversity

An Interactive Thinning Simulation for Red Pine Stands

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Dietmar W. Rose ◽  
Chug Muh Chen
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Abstract This paper describes a computer program, REDPTHIN, that permits the development of optimal thinning schedules for red pine plantations in the Lake States. The optimal schedules maximize total cubic foot volume production for any initial stand condition of age, site, and basal area stocking. These optimal schedules are derived via a special dynamic programming algorithm that the author developed. User specified thinning schedules can be simulated. Optimal biological rotation age and mean annual increment can be derived from the output table. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):43-48.

A comparison of thinning methods in red pine: consequences for stand-level growth and tree diameter

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Bradford ◽  
Brian J. Palik
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Growth Increase

Long-term replicated experiments that contrast thinning method (dominant thinning, thinning from below) while controlling stocking level are rare. Stand growth and tree size responses to thinning method can be useful for making decisions to achieve desired objectives, whether these are timber or wildlife habitat related. We examined data from two long-term (>50 year old) silvicultural experiments in red pine to understand how alternative thinning prescriptions influence stand-level basal area, volume, and biomass growth, as well as quadratic mean tree diameter. We found that gross growth in stands treated with dominant thinning was often, although not always, greater than growth in stands treated with thinning from below. However, the differences in growth between thinning methods are smallest at stocking levels and stand ages typical for red pine management. We found that biomass growth increases with dominant thinning were generally less than basal area or volume growth increase. Furthermore, greater gross growth associated with dominant thinning versus thinning from below must be weighed against the significantly smaller average tree sizes that result from repeated dominant thinning.

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
General Program ◽  
Magnetic Card ◽  
The Right

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving  the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer - In this contribution an attempt was made to perform the  calculations involving the forest inventory by means of an office computer  Olivetti P203.     The general program (flowchart 1), identical for all tree species except  for the values of the different parameters, occupies the tracks A and B of a  magnetic card used with this computer. For each tree species one magnetic  card is required, while some supplementary cards are used for the  subroutines. The first subroutine (flowchart 1) enables us to preserve  temporarily the subtotals between two tree species (mixed stands) and so  called special or stand cards (SC). After the last tree species the totals  per ha are calculated and printed on the former, the average trees occuring  on the line below. Appendix 1 gives an example of a similar form resulting  from calculations involving a sampling in a mixed stand consisting of Oak  (code 11), Red oak (code 12), Japanese larch (code 24) and Beech (code 13).  On this form we find from the left to the right: the diameter class (m), the  number of trees per ha, the basal area (m2/ha), the current annual increment  of the basal area (m2/year/ha), current annual volume increment (m3/year/ha),  the volume (m3/ha) and the money value of the standing trees (Bfr/ha). On the  line before the last, the totals of the quantities mentioned above and of all  the tree species together are to be found. The last line gives a survey of  the average values dg, g, ig, ig, v and w.     Besides this form each stand or plot has a so-called 'stand card SC' on  wich the totals cited above as well as the area of the stand or the plot and  its code are stored. Similar 'stand card' may replace in many cases  completely the classical index cards; moreover they have the advantage that  the data can be entered directly into the computer so that further  calculations, classifications or tabling can be carried out by means of an  appropriate program or subroutine. The subroutine 2 (flowchart 2) illustrates  the use of similar cards for a series of stands or eventually a complete  forest, the real values of the different quantities above are calculated and  tabled (taking into account the area). At the same time the general totals  and the general mean values per ha, as well as the average trees are  calculated and printed. Appendix 2 represents a form resulting from such  calculations by means of subroutine 2.

A Growth and Yield Model for Improved Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang V. Cao ◽  
Kenneth M. Durand
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield Model

Abstract A compatible growth and yield model was developed based on remeasurement data collected from 183 plots on unthinned improved eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Sullivan and Clutter (1972) equation form was selected for predicting cubic-foot volume yield and projecting volume from site index and initial age and basal area. Yield equations explained 97% and 94%, respectively, of the variations in total outside bark and merchantable inside bark volumes. Mean annual increment of merchantable volume culminated between 8 and 15 years, depending on site index and initial basal area. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):213-216.

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