scholarly journals Uptake and transport of iron ions (Fe+2, Fe+3) supplied to roots or leaves in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants growing under different light conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski
Keyword(s):  
Iron Content ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Spinach Plant ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>In experiments carried out in a phytotron using aqueous cultures, there was investigated the effect of root or foliar application of different types of iron salts on spinach plant productivity, leaf and root iron content as well as the rate of transport of iron from the roots to the leaves. Plants were grown in Hoagland's solution with a single concentration at two fluorescent light intensities: 290 and 95 µmol × m<sup>-2</sup> × s<sup>-1</sup> PAR. To fertilize the plants, iron was supplied at a dose of 25 mg Fe in the nutrient solution or as foliar sprays using the following salts: 1 – Fe 0; 2 – FeCl<sub>2</sub> × 4H<sub>2</sub>O; 3 – FeCl<sub>3</sub> × 4H<sub>2</sub>O; 4 – FeSO<sub>4</sub> × 7H<sub>2</sub>O; 5 – Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> × nH<sub>2</sub>O; 6 – Fe-Cit.</p><p>The obtained results showed that the productivity of spinach plants treated with FeCl<sub>2</sub> and FeSO<sub>4</sub> using foliar sprays and of those fed with Fe-citrate (Fe-Cit) through the roots was significantly higher than in the case of the other salts used. Root application of the salts used had a significant effect on root iron content, whereas their foliar application significantly affected leaf iron content. In this respect, ferrous salts were generally the most beneficial, while ferric salts were the least beneficial. The rate of transport of iron to the leaves, irrespective of the method of its application, was clearly higher for ferrous salts and Fe-Cit than for ferric salts. The free proline content in the leaves of plants not fertilized with Fe was 2–4 times lower than in plants supplied with this nutrient. An irradiance of 290 µmol × m<sup>-2</sup> × s<sup>-1</sup> had a positive effect on plant productivity and root Fe content.</p>.

scholarly journals The effect of placement and light conditions during foliar application of Insol U fertilizer on gas exchange, yield and the quality of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Pot experiments conducted in a growth chamber studied the effectiveness of foliar fertilization of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with macro- and microelements in the form of a 1% water solution of Insol U fertilizer applied with fluorescent light of the PAR intensity of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and with dispersed daylight of the intensity of 600 μmol m-2 s-1. Insol U was applied three times, supplied on the upper, lower or both sides of the leaf blades. The control consisted of plants sprayed with distilled water. The obtained results pointed out that foliar fertilization of spinach with Insol U significantly increased the leaf gas exchange, the yield of the fresh leaf mass, the content of vitamin C, chlorophyll, carotenoids, as well as potassium and phosphorus in the leaves. The application of the fertilizer onto the upper and the lower side of the leaf blade had the most positive effect on the analysed property of the leaves. Independently of the side leaf, the application of the fertilizer at a higher light intensity had a significantly better consecutive effect on all the analysed properties of the leaves.

scholarly journals The effect of nitrogen form and air temperature during foliar fertilization on gas exchange, the yield and nutritive value of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract A pot experiment conducted in a growth chamber studied the effectiveness of foliar fertilization of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), with different forms of nitrogen applied with the air temperatures: 5°C, 15°C and 25°C. Nitrogen was supplied three times in the form of 1% water solutions of CO(NH2)2, NH4NO3, NH4HCO3 and Ca(NO3)2 × 4 H2O, with water as the control. The obtained results showed that nitrogen in the form of Ca(NO3)2 × 4 H2O - independent of the air temperature during solution application - is the least useful in foliar fertilization of spinach leaves, whereas the effectiveness of the other forms was similar, although the best effects were given by NH4NO3. Application of all forms of nitrogen at the air temperature of 25°C had the most positive effect on the course of gas exchange (stomatal conductivity, photosynthesis, transpiration). Despite that, the highest leaf yield with the highest content of nitrogen, total chlorophyll (a + b), carotenoids and vitamin C, and the lowest content of nitrates, was given by plants with foliar application of all nitrogen forms at the temperature of 15°C.

scholarly journals Amelioration of Thermo-Tolerance Ability in Spinacia oleracea L. Cultivars by Foliar Application of Chitosan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nazar ◽  
Chaudhary Muhammad Ayyub ◽  
Mujahid Ali ◽  
Malik Abdul Rehman ◽  
Shoib ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

scholarly journals Impact of Propolis Extract as Foliar Spray On Growth, Yield and Some Chemical Composition of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Plants Grown Under Calcareous Saline Soil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Seif El-Yazal
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

This experiment was suggested to study the beneficial effects of foliar application with propolis extract at the rates 0, 6000, 7000, 8000 and 9000 mg/L solution used as foliar application to spinach seedlings on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown under calcareous saline soil conditions. All experiments were achieved during the two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017. Results showed that increasing the rates of propolis extract as foliar application increased the growth parameters of the treated plants. The best result was obtained by the rate (8000 mg/L) as a foliar application in both seasons of the study. The same trend was also observed regarding all studied chemical constituents, i.e. chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids concentration, anthocyanine, total carbohydrates, total and reducing sugars, total free amino acid, free proline, crude protein, total indoles, total phenols, N, P and K in leaves. Thus, the coincident application of propolis extract at (8000 mg/L) as foliar application ingredient is recommended for improving growth, yield and chemical composition of spinach plants and for overcoming the adverse effect of saline conditions.

The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxiu Zhang ◽  
Zhimin Sha ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Zhigang Bei ◽  
Linkui Cao
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Spinach Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency

Zhang, J., Sha, Z., Zhang, Y., Bei, Z. and Cao, L. 2015. The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 671−679. Water and nitrogen (N) are important factors that affect crop yield. The objective of this study was to explore the interactive effect of water and nitrogen on biomass production, yield and growth responses, water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter-grown spinach. A field experiment was grown with treatments of varying water (W) and nitrogen (N) levels near Shanghai, China. Leaf area, shoot biomass and height of spinach increased with the application of N in the well-watered treatment. The highest chlorophyll content was found in spinach treated with N2 (170 kg ha−1 nitrogen). A response surface analysis was done on plant height, leaf number, leaf weight, and plant yield of each spinach plant at different water and nitrogen levels. The equation for each of the response surfaces was taken and solved for the mathematical optimum of the curves. Abundant water supply resulted in the highest spinach yield. Yield of spinach increased with N application rates but decreased when the N was excessive. Compared with the low water treatment (W3), a higher N leaching ratio was observed in the high water treatment (W1), regardless of N treatment. With the increase of N application, N use efficiency of spinach significantly decreased, while water use efficiency of spinach increased. In conclusion, water levels between 36.15 cm and 42 cm, and nitrogen applications between 86 and 152.74 kg ha−1 could be recommended as the optimal treatment for spinach growth.

scholarly journals Effect of foliar application of Fe and banana peel waste biochar on growth, chlorophyll content and accessory pigments synthesis in spinach under chromium (IV) toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhan Danish ◽  
Fayyaz Ahmad Tahir ◽  
Muhammad Khalid Rasheed ◽  
Niaz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Arif Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Cr Toxicity ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractChromium (Cr) toxicity is becoming one of a major issue for the cultivation of crops. Toxicity of Cr directly affects synthesis of chlorophyll and restricts Fe intake, which decreases crop growth. It is well documented that the reduction of Cr toxicity through the application of biochar. However, current experiment was carried out to investigate any positive effect of, banana peel waste biochar (BC) and foliar application of Fe (FFe) on growth and chlorophyll content of Spinacia oleracea L. under different levels of Cr toxicity. Seeds of Spinacia oleracea L. were grown under three levels of Cr i.e. control (Cr0), Cr35 (35 mg Cr kg−1 soil) and Cr70 (70 mg Cr kg-1 soil). Analyzed data confirmed that Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70. A significant improvement in shoot length (16.9 and 26.9%), root length (16.3 and 20.9%), plant fresh (15.5 and 28.3%) and dry weight (70.3 and 77.8%) as compared to control under Cr35 and Cr70, respectively, validated the efficacious functioning of 1% BC and FFe to mitigate Cr toxicity in Spinacia oleracea L. It is concluded that both 1% banana peel waste BC and 1000mM FFe have potential but sole application of FFe is more effective to alleviate Cr toxicity in Spinacia oleracea L. Fortification of Fe by foliar application is more effective comparative to banana peel waste biochar for improvement in growth, chlorophyll content and accessory pigments synthesis in spinach under chromium (IV) toxicity.

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