scholarly journals Influence of night-breaks on flowering and phytohormones content in Hyoscyamus niger L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Jan Kopcewicz ◽  
Gabriela Centkowska
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Inductive Photoperiod ◽  
The Way

Night-breaks caused both stimulated shoot growth and caused formation of flowers as well as a general increase in the content of phytohormones in leaves of the long-day plant <em>Hyoscyamus niger</em> L. At the time of flower formation in night-break treated plants, new gibberellin-like substances also appear. The results show that night-breaks cause similar changes in the phytohormones content as a long inductive photoperiod. It may be assumed that independently of the way of induction, the generative differentiation of long-day plants is always accompanied by a general increase in the amount of endogenous hormones and the appearance of new gibberellins. These results suggest the possibility of a morphogenetic role of hormones, especially gibberellins, in the phenomena of flower formation and differentiation.

scholarly journals The effect of inductive photoperiod on flower formation and phytohormones level in a long day plant Hyoscyamus niger L.

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kopcewicz ◽  
G. Centkowska ◽  
K. Kriesel ◽  
Y. Yatorska
Keyword(s):  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Inductive Photoperiod ◽  
Inductive Period

The anatomical and hormonal investigations on a long day plant <i>Hyoscyamus niger</i> L. during the time of the generative photoinduction have been conducted. The plants were grown during 75 days on a short photoperiod and then they were transferred to long day conditions. The earliest anatomical symptoms of flower initiation were noticed after four long photoperiods. The inductive photoperiod causes also a general increase in the amounts of phytohormones. During the flower evocation the intensive accumulation of cytokinins and gibberellins in leaves takes place. The post-inductive period, in which the development of flower elements happens, is characterized by changing amount of phytohormones. The content of hormonal substances is subjected to the rhytmical changes related to the periods of light and darknees in the twenty four hours' cycle.

scholarly journals Influence of gibberellins on flower formation in Hyoscyamus niger L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Jan Kopcewicz ◽  
Gabriela Centkowska
Keyword(s):  
Flower Formation ◽  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Black Henbane ◽  
Partial Differentiation ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Full Development

Gibberellins (GA<sub>4+7</sub>) and gibberellin-like substances isolated from generatively induced black henbane (<em>Hyoscyamus niger</> L.) bring about the growth of shoots and a partial differentiation of axillary meristem in black henbane plants grown under non-inductive light conditions. Long-lasting application of gibberellins, however, did not result in full development of flowers in the majority of the plants investigated. Thus, it seems, that gibberellins are not specific flowering hormones in black henbane - a long-day plant.

scholarly journals Reversion of the photoperiod dependence of flowering in rice with synthetic Hd1-microProteins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenai Eguen ◽  
Jorge Gomez Ariza ◽  
Kaushal Kumar Bhati ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Fabio Fornara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Yield Analysis ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativa) is a facultative short-day plant that flowers very late when grown in non-inductive long day conditions. Photoperiod-dependent flowering in rice is regulated by heading date (Hd1) which acts as both an activator and repressor of flowering in a day length-dependent manner. In order to regulate flowering of rice in long days (LD), overexpression of a synthetic Hd1miP, which is capable of interacting with Hd1, was employed. Transgenic Hd1miP rice plants flowered significantly earlier when grown in LD compared to SD, showing that synthetic microProteins can be used to revert short-day plants to long-day plants. Yield analysis revealed that although the OX-Hd1miP grains are comparable to WT in terms of the size of the grains produced, OX-Hd1miP plants like hd1 knockout plants, are compromised in the number of grains produced and the grain maturity rate, suggesting an additional unrecognized role of Hd1 in grain maturity.

scholarly journals DEGRADATION OF A BARK STORAGE PROTEIN IN POPLAR.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 689a-689
Author(s):  
John M. Englert ◽  
Gary D. Coleman ◽  
Tony H.H. Chen ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Storage Protein ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Bark Storage Protein

A 32kDa bark storage protein (BSP) which accumulates in the fall and is degraded in the spring has been identified in Populus deltoides bark. The BSP gene has been shown to be regulated by short day (SD) photoperiod (8 h). The physiological condition of the plant and the environmental factors necessary for the degradation and retranslocation of BSP are of considerable interest for determining the role of this protein in the remobilization of nitrogen in trees. Poplar plants were placed in a SD growth chamber for 4 or 7 weeks to induce growth cessation (bud set) or dormancy, respectively. BSP accumulated to high levels in bark tissues after 3 weeks SD and remained high through 7 weeks SD. Plants in which growth had stopped (4 weeks SD), or in which dormancy (7 weeks SD) was broken with hydrogen cyanamide (0.5 M) or chilling (4 weeks 0C) broke bud within 1 week of being placed into long day (LD) conditions. Dormant plants which were not chilled broke bud after 3 weeks LD. BSP levels decreased around the time of budbreak, suggesting that the degradation of BSP is dependent on the need for a nitrogen sink, ie. budbreak and new shoot growth.

THE EFFECTS OF SHORT DAYS ON FRUITSET AS DISTINCT FROM FLOWER FORMATION IN SOYBEANS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Flower Formation ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Short Days

Certain soybean varieties flowered, but did not set fruit under 20-hour photoperiods. Three short (12-hour) photoperiods applied 1 or more weeks after the beginning of flowering induced fruitset which continued throughout the flowering period. One short day was not sufficient. Three short days given to vegetative plants before flowering induced earlier flowering but not fruitset. Short-day treatments applied at the first sign of flowering were also ineffective. Flowering but non-fruiting long-day plants did not produce normal anthers of viable pollen. Individual flowers set fruit if fertilized with viable pollen from plants grown continuously under short days.

scholarly journals Phytohormones level in the leaves of Hyoscyamus niger L. during variable photoperiods at the time of flower initiation and differentiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-258
Author(s):  
Jan Kopcewicz ◽  
Gabriela Centkowska ◽  
Krystyna Kriesel
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Long Day ◽  
General Decrease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Inductive Photoperiod ◽  
Short Days

The investigations concern changes in the content of endogenous phytohormones in the leaves of the long-day plant <em>Hyoscyamus niger</em> L. during variable photoperiods applied before and after flower initiation. The results show that alternation of inductive photoperiods with short days leads to quantitative changes in the content of phytohormones. The changeable photoperiod leads to a general decrease in the contents of gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins during the short noninductive days both before and after flower initiation. Alternation of the inductive photoperiod with short days does not influence the content of abscisic acid-like substances before flower initiation and causes an increase of the amount of inhibitors in the postinductive period. The content of hormonal substances is subjected to rhytmical changes related to the periods of light and darkness in the twenty-four hours' cycle.

scholarly journals The Role of Spur Leaves, Bourse Leaves, and Fruit on Local Flower Formation in Apple: An Approach to Understanding Biennial Bearing

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1229-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mokhles A. Elsysy ◽  
Peter M. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Biennial Bearing

Lack of consistent flower formation is the underlying cause of biennial bearing. Flower formation in apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) has been associated with different factors, such as leaf area, shoot growth, bourse length, crop load, and seed number. However, it is unclear how these different factors interact to promote or inhibit flower formation. The effect of spur defoliation, fruit removal, and their interaction were evaluated on spur flower formation and bourse length in annual-bearing ‘Gala’ and the biennial-bearing ‘Honeycrisp’. Eight different combinations of spur defoliation and fruiting treatments were applied in three consecutive springs, 2013–15. Bourse shoot defoliation and fruiting treatments inhibited spur flower formation in both cultivars, but in different patterns from year to year. In addition, spur leaf defoliation did not affect flower formation in either cultivar. Furthermore, local defoliation and fruiting treatments did not affect bourse length. We propose that bourse leaves play a major role in both producing and transporting flower formation signals, but the effect depends on cultivar.

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

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