EVOLUTION OF THE AERIAL DEFENCE OF AIR BASES. CONCEPTS AND LESSONS LEARNED

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Grzegorz KOŁATA, LTC, MSc, Eng
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Yom Kippur War ◽  
Air Surveillance ◽  
Yom Kippur ◽  
Second World

The lessons learned during wars and armed conflicts indicate that the main factor influencing the aerial defence of air bases were directly related to the rapid development of the combat capabilities of aerial threats. Air bases have been lucrative targets for enemy air strikes since the first documented attack by a British aircraft on a German airfield in 1914 and have remained so for contemporary military air operations. The article discusses the evolution of concepts and lessons learned in the field of aerial defence of air bases that resulted from armed conflicts and local wars. The analysis includes armed conflicts, which, according to the author, have reflected the changes in the organisation of the aerial defence of air bases, including the repulsion of air strikes against aviation on the ground. Attention was paid to the conditions related to the aerial defence of aviation on the ground during the First World War. A more thorough analysis was made of the Second World War period, focused on the Western Front and the defence of Poland. Particular attention was paid to the Battle of Britain, noting the importance of the organisation of the radar air surveillance system in the context of the effectiveness of air defence. The focus of the analysis then shifts to the aerial defence of air bases during armed conflicts after the Second World War: the Vietnam War (1965-1973), the Yom Kippur War (1973), the defence of air bases in the Yom Kippur War (1973), and NATO operations from the air against air bases during the Deny Flight / Deliberate Force (1992-1995) and Allied Force (1999) operations. The article also makes a preliminary assessment of the aerial defence of air bases during the ongoing conflict in Syria.

scholarly journals THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLICABLE IN THE NEW TYPES OF ARMED CONFLICTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-193
Author(s):  
Nicolae David Ungureanu
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Second World

The international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts has evolved continuously since antiquity until today, its doctrinal writings pointing out during the modern period the influence that the progress of the concepts and the practices of war has had on the development of the normative conventions, especially the first and second world war, resulting in texts that are applicable even today.

Remnants of War as a Legal Problem in the Light of the Libyan Case

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-401
Author(s):  
Karl Josef Partsch
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Land Mines ◽  
Legal Problem ◽  
North African ◽  
World War ◽  
Canal Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Second World

More than 30 years after the end of hostilities in the Second World War, 13 governments have confirmed the presence on their territories of large amounts of the material remnants of war, mostly land mines. They can be found in all the countries affected by the North African campaign of the Axis powers in 1940-1943, namely, Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia, as well as in Malta, Norway, Poland and even Australia. Armed conflicts that have taken place at a later time, for example, those in Vietnam, the Suez Canal Zone, the Sinai and other regions in the Near East, have created similar dangers, and there is no reason to believe that present and future conflicts will be any different.

Varieties of Unsuccessful Industrialization: The Balkan States Before 1914

1975 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Lampe
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
The Future ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
Second World

This paper should begin with a brief defense of its title. “Variety” and “unsuccessful” are doubtful if not dirty words to most economists and many economic historians. The “success stories” of rapid development in Western Europe, Russia and Japan have been the most frequent subject of this Journal's articles on non-American topics. And the discovery of uniformity in the past, rather than variety, is admittedly essential to the development economist's search for predictability in the future that has informed so much of the economic history written since the Second World War.

Trials and Tribulations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
World War ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Elephant Man ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

The testing of new medicines is a complex, labor- and cost-intensive practice that has evolved over the past 200 years. This chapter explains some of the jargon used by medical practioners and industry scientists to explain how the cure for scurvy by a promising young British Navy captain gave rise to the naming of Royal Navy sailors as “limeys.” More than a century later, the Nazi atrocities of the Second World War likewise contributed to the rise of modern ethical practices and examples of how these have been implemented include the approval of breakthrough cancer medicines. In doing so, we discuss the different “phases” of clinical trials and relate the lessons learned from a tragic 2006 clinical trial in London that caused one volunteer's head to swell so large that he was referred to as “the Elephant Man.” By understanding how the size and intensity of clinical trials has grown over time, one begins to appreciate the parallel escalation of drug costs. Finally, we discuss the thalidomide crisis and how the bravery and persistance of a new female FDA employee overrode a multi-national conglomerate to prevent America from falling victim to the severe birth defects experienced by many other countries.

The condition of cultural property in armed conflicts (I): From Antiquity to World War II

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (245) ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Pietro Verri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Second World

The condition of cultural property through the armed conflicts which have succeeded one another from Antiquity to the eve of the Second World War is no easy subject to study.The sources available have of course made it possible to establish that from the latter part of the nineteenth century onwards, domestic and international laws have been enacted to reduce somewhat rather than prevent damage to cultural property during hostilities.

Organizational learning capability and battlefield performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Visser
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Learning Organization ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
British Army ◽  
World War ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Second World ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose While intended as a bridge between the concepts of learning organization and organizational learning, current conceptualizations of organizational learning capability still predominantly lean toward the learning organization side, specifically directed at profit firms. The purpose of this paper is to propose a four-dimensional model of organization learning capability that leans more toward the organizational learning side, specifically directed at nonprofit and government organizations in general, and army organizations in particular. This model is applied to the British Army in the Second World War. Design/methodology/approach The paper entails a secondary analysis of historical and military sources and data. Findings It is found that the British Army possessed only a moderate learning capability, which can be plausibly, but not exclusively, related to differences in battlefield performance between the British and the German Army in the Second World War. Research limitations/implications The research scope of the paper is limited to the analysis of one particular army in the Second World War. Implications for theory reside in the importance of organizational learning capability and its dimensions to the effectiveness of “lessons learned” processes inside organizations. Practical implications The paper has clear practical implications for armies and organizations that resemble armies in one or more aspects, like prisons, correctional facilities, police forces, hospitals, mental institutions and fire departments. Originality/value The paper ranks among the first organizational papers to analyze army operations and functioning from the perspective of organizational learning capability.

The collection of a toy: Production history and collection value of the Matchbox regarding the consumer behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Ceyda Özgen
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Casting Technology ◽  
Production History ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metal Castings ◽  
Second World

Metal casting technology reached at a very advanced point after the Second World War. When the war was over, many companies producing metal castings suffered a huge market loss and tried to create new markets and develop new products. Some companies, inspired by the rapid development of automobile production, started to produce toy model cars with the casting technique, which were generally made with sheet metal bending until then, using the moulding techniques they had advanced. In this study, the history of Lesney company, established after the Second World War, and the development of Matchbox’s product range will be discussed in the context of collecting and a collection object. Matchbox collections are the most common model car collections in the world. The status of the designed objects as collectible objects was investigated together with the history and development process of Matchbox cars production and collecting behaviour of consumer.

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