Biogenic amines in the colon

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains the highest concentration of biogenic amines in the human body. Neurons located in the GI tract, modulated by biogenic amines and various peptide and non-peptide transmitters, are called Enteric Nervous System (ENS). That explains why many medications used in neurology and psychiatry present side effects from the gut. Serotonin (5-hyroxytrypatamine, 5-HT), 95% of which is synthesized in the gut, is the most important amine (beside epinephrine and norepinephrine) colon functionality but another substances such as histamine, dopamine and melatonin are also potent in modulating intestine’s actions. Over 30 receptors for 5-HT were described in the human body, and 5-HT3, 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 are known to have the highest influence on motility and are a potent target for the drugs for treatment GI disorders, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Histamine is a key biogenic amine for pathogenesis of allergy also in the colon. Alteration in histaminergic system is found in patients with diarrhea and allergic enteropathy. Dopamine affects functions of the large intestine but its modulating actions are more presented in the upper part of GI tract. Melatonin is best known for regulating circadian circle, but may also be a potent anti-inflammatory agent within the gut. Despite many years of research, it seems that more studies are needed to fully understand human colon neurochemistry.

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Clinical assessment of inflammatory bowel disease activity: a critical overview

Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.20883/medical.e26 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 113-125

Author(s):

Adam Fabisiak ◽

Natalia Murawska ◽

Anna Mokrowiecka ◽

Ewa Małecka-Panas ◽

Jakub Fichna

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Symptom Recognition ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Critical Overview ◽

Future Concepts

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which belong to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Over the last eighty years the overview of IBD has evolved, along with disease symptom recognition, hypotheses on etiology and recommendations for clinical treatment. This review focuses on the clinical aspects of IBD throughout the years and discusses the most recent and future concepts in IBD diagnosis.

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FECAL CALPROTECTIN: levels for the ethiological diagnosis in Brazilian patients with gastrointestinal symptoms

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-28032015000100011 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 50-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lorete Maria da Silva KOTZE ◽

Renato Mitsunori NISIHARA ◽

Sandra Beatriz MARION ◽

Murilo Franco CAVASSANI ◽

Paulo Gustavo KOTZE

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Crohn’S Disease ◽

Crohn's Disease ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Fecal Calprotectin ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

Active Disease

Background Determination of fecal calprotectin can provide an important guidance for the physician, also in primary care, in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders, meanly between inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome. Objectives The aims of the present study were to prospectively investigate, in Brazilian adults with gastrointestinal complaints, the value of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker for the differential diagnosis between functional and organic disorders and to correlate the concentrations with the activity of inflammatory bowel diseases. Methods The study included consecutive patients who had gastrointestinal complaints in which the measurement levels of fecal calprotectin were recommended. Fecal calprotectin was measured using a Bühlmann (Basel, Switzerland) ELISA kit Results A total of 279 patients were included in the study, with median age of 39 years (range, 18 to 78 years). After clinical and laboratorial evaluation and considering the final diagnosis, patients were allocated into the following groups: a) Irritable Bowel Syndrome: 154 patients (102 female and 52 male subjects). b) Inflammatory Bowel Diseases group: 112 patients; 73 with Crohn’s disease; 38 female and 35 male patients; 52.1% (38/73) presented active disease, and 47.9% (35/73) had disease in remission and 39 patients with ulcerative colitis;19 female and 20 male patients; 48.7% (19/39) classified with active disease and 49.3% (20/39) with disease in remission. A significant difference (P<0.001) was observed between the median value of fecal calprotectin in Irritable Bowel Syndrome group that was 50.5 µg/g (IQR=16 - 294 µg/g); 405 µg/g (IQR=29 - 1980 µg/g) in Crohn’s disease patients and 457 µg/g (IQR=25 - 1430 µg/g) in ulcerative colitis patients. No difference was observed between the values found in the patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Levels of fecal calprotectin were significantly lower in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in remission when compared with active disease (P<0.001). Conclusions The present study showed that the determination of fecal calprotectin assists to differentiate between active and inactive inflammatory bowel diseases and between inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome.

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Anhedonia in irritable bowel syndrome and in inflammatory bowel diseases and its relationship with abdominal pain

Neurogastroenterology & Motility ◽

10.1111/nmo.13531 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. e13531 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Luna Carpinelli ◽

Cristina Bucci ◽

Antonella Santonicola ◽

Fabiana Zingone ◽

Carolina Ciacci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Pain ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Irritable Bowel

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Opioidergic effects on enteric and sensory nerves in the lower GI tract: basic mechanisms and clinical implications

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00442.2015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 311 (3) ◽

pp. G501-G513 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Patrick A. Hughes ◽

Samuel P. Costello ◽

Robert V. Bryant ◽

Jane M. Andrews

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Side Effects ◽

Splice Variants ◽

Endogenous Opioids ◽

Sensory Nerves ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Opioidergic System ◽

Afferent Nerves ◽

Drug Classes ◽

Irritable Bowel

Opioids are one of the most prescribed drug classes for treating acute pain. However, chronic use is often associated with tolerance as well as debilitating side effects, including nausea and dependence, which are mediated by the central nervous system, as well as constipation emerging from effects on the enteric nervous system. These gastrointestinal (GI) side effects limit the usefulness of opioids in treating pain in many patients. Understanding the mechanism(s) of action of opioids on the nervous system that shows clinical benefit as well as those that have unwanted effects is critical for the improvement of opioid drugs. The opioidergic system comprises three classical receptors (μ, δ, κ) and a nonclassical receptor (nociceptin), and each of these receptors is expressed to varying extents by the enteric and intestinal extrinsic sensory afferent nerves. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role that the opioidergic system has on enteric and extrinsic afferent nerves in the lower GI tract in health and diseases of the lower GI tract, particularly inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, and the implications of opioid treatment on clinical outcomes. Consideration is also given to emerging developments in our understanding of the immune system as a novel source of endogenous opioids and the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance, including the potential influence of opioid receptor splice variants and heteromeric complexes.

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Programmed Nanoparticles for Tailoring the Detection of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Disease via Breathprint

Advanced Healthcare Materials ◽

10.1002/adhm.201600588 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (18) ◽

pp. 2339-2344 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Amir Karban ◽

Morad K. Nakhleh ◽

John C. Cancilla ◽

Rotem Vishinkin ◽

Tova Rainis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Irritable Bowel

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Gut microbiota: friend or foe

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 322

Author(s):

Ansh Chaudhary ◽

Shubhi Shubhangi Bhatnagar ◽

Meghna Prashant Nair ◽

Bhupendra Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

System Protection ◽

Complex Ecosystem ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract

Comprising of trillions of various bacteria, protozoan, fungi and viruses, the gut microbiota live in human body as a super complex ecosystem mostly in gastro intestinal tract (70%). Apart from GI tract they also inhabit skin, mouth and sexual organs as an essential ecological community of commensal, symbiotic or even pathogenic relationship. These microbiota interplay with bodily immune, endocrinal, metabolic and nervous system and produces various pathological changes responsible for disease etiology. These microbiota play a major role in digestion and absorption of macro molecules, maturation of immune system, protection of gut and behavioural development of an individual. In gut disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the altered brain axis is responsible for disorders like depression, anxiety, schizoaffective disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, multiple sclerosis and parkinson’s disease.

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Enteric nervous system and inflammatory bowel diseases: Correlated impacts and therapeutic approaches through the P2X7 receptor

World Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.3748/wjg.v27.i46.7909 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (46) ◽

pp. 7909-7924

Author(s):

Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães ◽

Patricia Castelucci

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

P2x7 Receptor ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

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Dynamic, Transient, and Robust Increase in the Innervation of the Inflamed Mucosa in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10092253 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2253

Author(s):

Miguel Gonzalez Acera ◽

Marvin Bubeck ◽

Fabrizio Mascia ◽

Leonard Diemand ◽

Gregor Sturm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Treatment Naïve ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Molecular Patterns ◽

The Impact

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by chronic dysregulation of immune homeostasis, epithelial demise, immune cell activation, and microbial translocation. Each of these processes leads to proinflammatory changes via the release of cytokines, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), respectively. The impact of these noxious agents on the survival and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is poorly understood. Here, we show that in contrast to an expected decrease, experimental as well as clinical colitis causes an increase in the transcript levels of enteric neuronal and glial genes. Immunostaining revealed an elevated neuronal innervation of the inflamed regions of the gut mucosa. The increase was seen in models with overt damage to epithelial cells and models of T cell-induced colitis. Transcriptomic data from treatment naïve pediatric IBD patients also confirmed the increase in the neuroglial genes and were replicated on an independent adult IBD dataset. This induction in the neuroglial genes was transient as levels returned to normal upon the induction of remission in both mouse models as well as colitis patients. Our data highlight the dynamic and robust nature of the enteric nervous system in colitis and open novel questions on its regulation.

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