Preschool Language and First-Grade Externalizing Behaviors: Gender Differences and the Longitudinal Mediation Through Self-Control

Abstract Introduction Mental fitness is increasingly considered key to an athlete’s competitive arsenal. Its active ingredients include cognitive fitness factors, such as impulse control, and recovery factors, such as sleep, which may differ between male and female athletes. Our study investigated: 1) gender differences in cognitive fitness; and 2) the associations of gender and cognitive fitness with sleep and mental health in competitive athletes during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods 84 athletes competing at levels from regional/state to international (42F, mean age=23.2) completed a questionnaire battery containing validated measures of: a) depression, anxiety, and stress; b) sleep (Total Sleep Time, Sleep Latency, mid-sleep time on training- and competition-free days); and c) self-control, intolerance of uncertainty, and impulsivity (representing cognitive fitness constructs). Results Female athletes reported significantly higher depression, anxiety, and stress, a later mid-sleep time on free days, lower self-control, higher intolerance of uncertainty, and higher positive urgency impulsivity compared with male athletes. Self-control was negatively associated, and intolerance of uncertainty was positively associated, with depression, anxiety, and mid-sleep time on free days. Discussion Female athletes in our sample reported poorer mental health and cognitive fitness, and later sleeping times on free days. Greater cognitive fitness was associated with better mental health, independent of gender. Overall, these findings are consistent with prior work in community samples. Future work should examine the source(s) of these gender differences. If replicated, our findings would suggest a need to develop interventions aimed at improving athlete well-being, potentially with a particular focus on female athletes.

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Factors Related to Phone Snubbing Behavior in Emerging Adults

Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies - The Psychology and Dynamics Behind Social Media Interactions ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 164-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Martina Benvenuti ◽

Agata Błachnio ◽

Aneta Małgorzata Przepiorka ◽

Vesela Miroslavova Daskalova ◽

Elvis Mazzoni

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Emerging Adulthood ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Internet Addiction ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Self Control ◽

The Internet ◽

Control Scale ◽

Online Study

Smartphones are a fundamental part of emerging adults' life. The aim of this chapter is to determine which factors play a role in “phubbing” during emerging adulthood as well as to propose and test a model of this phenomenon. We tested a model of relations between phubbing, self-esteem, self-control, well-being, and internet addiction. The following measures were used: the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), the Flourishing Scale, the Internet Addiction Scale, and the Phubbing Scale. The participants in the online study were 640 Italian emerging adults (526 females and 114 males), ranging in age from 18 to 29 (M = 21.7, SD = 2.18). The results showed that the model was well fitted, particularly in postulating that a decrease in the level of self-control is related to an increase in Internet addiction, that an increase in Internet addiction increases the probability of phubbing behavior, and that the level of self-esteem and well-being do not affect Internet addiction. Gender differences, in favor of males, occurred only in self-esteem.

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LOW SELF-CONTROL AND OPPORTUNITY: TESTING THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME AS AN EXPLANATION FOR GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DELINQUENCY*

Criminology ◽

10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00479.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 41-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 282

Author(s):

TERESA C. LAGRANGE ◽

ROBERT A. SILVERMAN

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

General Theory ◽

Self Control ◽

General Theory Of Crime ◽

Theory Of Crime ◽

Low Self Control

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The Self and Mental Health: Self-Salience and the Emergence of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

Journal of Health and Social Behavior ◽

10.1177/002214650504600402 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 323-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Sarah Rosenfield ◽

Mary Clare Lennon ◽

Helene Raskin White

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Social Relations ◽

Externalizing Problems ◽

Internalizing Symptoms ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Externalizing Behaviors ◽

The Self ◽

Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽

Internalizing And Externalizing

How do schemas about self-salience—the importance of the self versus the collective in social relations—affect mental health? We propose that self-salience shapes the likelihood of experiencing internalizing or externalizing problems. Schemas that privilege others over the self increase the risk of internalizing symptoms, including depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those that privilege the self over others predispose individuals to externalizing behaviors of antisocial behavior and substance abuse. Furthermore, we propose that these schemas contribute to the gender differences that exist in these problems. We test these predictions with data from adolescents, the stage at which these problems and the gender differences in them arise. Results show that self-salience underlies both internalizing and externalizing problems. In addition, schemas about self-salience help explain the gender differences found in mental health problems.

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The Gendered Analysis of Self-Control on Theft and Violent Delinquency

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0011128712470992 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (12) ◽

pp. 1648-1677 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Wing Hong Chui ◽

Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Control Level ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Self Control ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Violent Delinquency ◽

National Boundaries ◽

Gender Based

Despite previous gender-based studies of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory, limited empirical attempts have been made outside of the Western hemisphere. This study is set to examine the cross-cultural and/or national boundaries generalizability of the self-control concepts in predicting gender differences on theft and violent delinquency in a rarely examined Hong Kong adolescent population. In addition, this study is among the first to investigate the age-effect gender differences on delinquency in the East. Using a cross-sectional design, 1,377 randomly selected native-Chinese secondary school–aged male and female adolescents of nine stratified randomly selected schools were surveyed. Multivariate analyses were used to examine gender differences, with and without controlling for the adolescent age, aside from the general offending propensity among Hong Kong adolescents with respect to their self-control level. Overall findings suggest that the relationship between low self-control indicators and types of delinquency differs across gender. Hence, findings of previous gender-based self-control studies conducted in the West are generally supported in this study. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are outlined.

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Stability of externalizing symptoms from kindergarten to first grade and factors related to instability

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579400000754 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 247-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Robert C. Pianta ◽

Constance B. Caldwell

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Ability ◽

Externalizing Problems ◽

Externalizing Symptoms ◽

First Grade ◽

Teacher Ratings ◽

Self Control ◽

Learning Problems ◽

Child Interaction ◽

Cutoff Scores ◽

Anxious Behavior

AbstractThis article examines the frequency and stability of externalizing symptoms in a sample of 325 5-year-olds. Parent and teacher ratings, teacher nominations, parent-child interaction, and child measures were obtained. Using cutoff scores on teacher ratings, an average of 20% of the children were rated as having moderate externalizing problems in kindergarten and first grade. For both boys and girls, parent-teacher stability correlations ranged from .34–.45, and kindergarten teacher ratings from November and April correlated at .76. Instability in externalizing symptoms from kindergarten to first grade was related to a number of concurrent and previously assessed factors. For girls these included learning problems, shy-anxious behavior, mother-child interaction measures, and cognitive ability. Factors related to instability for boys included learning problems, social skills, cognitive ability, and self-control. These variables accounted for an additional 40% of the variance for boys (50% for girls) in first grade externalizing symptoms after controlling for externalizing symptoms in kindergarten.

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THE STABILTY OF LOW SELF-CONTROL FROM KINDERGARTEN THROUGH FIRST GRADE

Journal of Crime and Justice ◽

10.1080/0735648x.2007.9721227 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 63-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Kevin M. Beaver ◽

John Paul Wright

Keyword(s):

First Grade ◽

Self Control ◽

Low Self Control

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Developmental trajectories of school-beginner’s ability self-concept, intrinsic value, and performance in mathematics

10.31234/osf.io/mauhj ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Markku Niemivirta ◽

Anna Tapola ◽

Heta Tuominen ◽

Jaana Viljaranta

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Intrinsic Value ◽

First Grade ◽

Math Performance ◽

Self Concept ◽

High Dependency ◽

Steep Decrease ◽

Math Motivation ◽

And Performance

This study investigated the developmental interdependence of Finnish school-beginners’ (N = 285) ability self-concept, intrinsic value, and performance in mathematics. More specifically, we examined: (i) whether and how children’s ability self-concept and intrinsic value in mathematics change over their first three years in school, (ii) how those changes are related to each other, (iii) how they predict later math performance, and (iv) whether there are gender differences in these trajectories. The results showed significant decrease over time in children’s ability self-concept and intrinsic value, but also significant individual differences in the trajectories. The high dependency between the levels and changes in children’s self-concept and intrinsic value led us to specify a factor-of-curves latent growth model, thus merging the trajectories of ability self-concept and intrinsic value into one common model (i.e., math motivation). The subsequent results showed prior math performance to predict change in children’s math motivation, meaning that higher initial competence was connected with less steep decrease in motivation. After controlling for the effects of first-grade math performance, both the level and change in math motivation predicted third-grade math performance and teacher-rated grades. That is, higher initial motivation and less steep decrease in it independently predicted better later math competence. Boys reported less steep decrease in math motivation than girls, despite no gender differences in initial math performance.

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