Applying Modes of Production Analysis to Non-State, or Anarchic, Societies
The concept of modes of production has been a constructive way to analyze state societies in archaeological history. Yet the utility for archaeologists working with non-state, or anarchic societies, can be quite generalized, mainly useful for broad temporal scales of analysis. To apply to non-state societies, I reorient modes of production from historical epochs to the microscale, evaluating the seasonal shifts of activity throughout the annual round. For complex hunter-gatherers, such as the Coast Salish of the Northwest Coast, modes of production shifted constantly season by season as they adjusted their subsistence strategies toward the availability of varied resources. In so doing, they implemented distinct means of production and varying relations of production to harness those resources most effectively. Some involved small-scale formations, with dispersed families (egalitarian and autonomous), while others involved corporate multi-family groups (hierarchical with ranks of authority), for instance, to process fish during annual salmon runs. In this way, Salish individuals engaged different modes of production throughout the year, each varying in levels of autonomy, which they often pursued. By focusing modes of production into particular modes, we can track the microscale revolutions that occur within broader historical epochs.