Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der landesplanerischen Steuerung des Windenergieausbaus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Strothe
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
A Share

The expansion of onshore wind energy is faltering. The federal states, which can control the expansion through goals and principles in state-wide spatial plans, have a share in this. The study shows that the associated restriction of the freedom to build is subject to the principle of proportionality as a content and limitation provision of property. Based on the system of spatial control of wind energy in the BauGB (Federal Building Code). and ROG (Regional Planning Act), a substance requirement for the use of wind energy in outdoor areas is derived from the privilege in § 35 para. 1 No. 5 BauGB. On the basis of the specifications in state-wide spatial development plans, it is evaluated to what extent protective goods, such as immission control or acceptance, can be used as justification.

scholarly journals Scenarios in Regional Planning – Theory and Practice in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Sołtys
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Plans

It is important to recognise future conditions in planning because it primes future actions. Scenarios are useful prognostic tools, especially when the social and institutional behaviour plays a crucial role. The aims of the paper are: (1) to indicate the roles and the place of scenarios in the strategic plan building process; (2) to analyse and evaluate the application of scenarios in regional planning in Poland; (3) to transpose the research results on scenarios in local planning for their application in regional planning. There are a few documents in which scenarios are applied: three strategies for regional development and two spatial development plans for regions. The author analysed the scenarios in all of those documents and offered some recommendations transposing the effects of previous research from local to regional planning.

Effects of geographical and technological diversification on the development of spatially disaggregated wind and solar power market values  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Eising ◽  
Hannes Hobbie ◽  
Dominik Möst
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Power Market ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Technological Diversification ◽  
Geographical Diversification

<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Market value, Technological diversification, Geographical diversification, Spatial value factor distribution</p><p>Ambitious climate and energy targets require environmentally compatible energy generation with a high utilisation of renewable energy sources. However, due to the intermittent appearance of wind and PV feed-in, variable renewable energy (VRE) reveals significantly lower market values than conventional dispatchable power (Joskow, 2011). Additionally, with higher VRE shares a significant market value drop of wind and solar power has been observed in recent years as a result of the merit order effect (Hirth, 2013). Moreover, results by Engelhorn and Müsgens (2018) and Becker and Thrän (2018) have indicated regional disparities in empirical market values for Germany.  This poses interest on what exactly drives and how to quantify the development and spatial distribution of VRE market values.</p><p>Against this background, an electricity market model is applied to trace the development of spatial market values based on model-endogenous electricity prices. A special feature of the model is the inclusion of highly regionally disaggregated weather data which allows to investigate effects of different geographical and technological VRE diversification strategies in Germany until 2035 (Eising et al., 2020). The results of this research are threefold:</p><ul><li>Technological diversity: results show a significant decrease in PV and onshore wind value factors as VRE shares increase. Replacing onshore wind energy by offshore wind energy reduces the volatility and counteracts the value drop of onshore wind, offshore wind and PV.</li> <li>Geographical diversity: results indicate that geographical diversification does not necessarily mitigate decreasing VRE value factors. Under specific circumstances, a higher concentration at sites with lower full-load hours and corresponding higher feed-in volatility potentially mitigates positive effects from more spatially distributed generation.</li> <li>Spatial distribution of value factors: for all mitigation strategies and for wind and PV the spatial value factor distribution shows future increases in regional disparities. However, regional value factor disparities are most distinct in case of onshore wind. The analysis reveals two significant drivers: first, a negative relationship between the regional wind capacity density and their regional value factors can be observed. Second, results indicate a negative relationship between site-specific wind feed-in volatility and the value factor.</li> </ul><p> Summarising, the analysis highlights the importance of considering spatial market values in efficiently designing future electricity markets.  </p><p> </p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Becker, R., Thrän, D., 2018. Optimal Siting of Wind Farms in Wind Energy Dominated Power Systems. Energies 11, 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040978</p><p>Eising, M., Hobbie, H., Möst, D., 2020. Future wind and solar power market values in Germany — Evidence of spatial and technological dependencies? Energy Econ. 86, 104638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104638</p><p>Engelhorn, T., Müsgens, F., 2018. How to estimate wind-turbine infeed with incomplete stock data: A general framework with an application to turbine-specific market values in Germany. Energy Econ. 72, 542–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.04.022</p><p>Hirth, L., 2013. The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar wind power variability on their relative price. Energy Econ. 38, 218–236.</p><p>Joskow, P.L., 2011. Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity Generating Technologies. Am. Econ. Rev. 101, 238–241.</p>

The New Paragraph 16 of Article 148 of the Spatial Development Act

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivelina Velcheva ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality

This paper focuses on paragraph 16 of Article 148 of the Bulgarian Spatial Development Act, as well as on the need of establishing this new regulation, the means for applying the street regulation provided in the detailed development plan, and the history of development laws in Bulgaria. It considers the new provision in terms of its meaning for better urban planning of settlements and construction of infrastructure necessary for the development of property, such as pavements, streetlights, landscaping, etc. The legal order established by the Bulgarian Constitution is guaranteed through meeting the requirement for public interest and the principle of proportionality under alienation of private property for the purpose of applying street regulation.

scholarly journals Planowanie przestrzenne jako instrument oddziaływania na ochronę zasobów naturalnych i gospodarkę nieruchomościami

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Marian Zdyb
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Local Law

<p>In view of growing threats in this respect, the protection of natural resources is undoubtedly becoming a serious challenge, both for the state and for each citizen. Therefore, this article is supposed to draw attention to the problem of searching for optimal instruments for the protection of these resources. This is about creating and developing appropriate standards in legal regulations regarding environmental protection, protection of nature, water, air, national and landscape parks, nature monuments, etc. as well as protection of natural resources in cities and human settlements. Undoubtedly, spatial planning is of paramount significance in this matter, in particular local spatial development plans and the appropriate instruments of action resulting from them. Their significance should be considered particularly important because they are generally applicable law as acts of local law.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of key factors on expected development of onshore wind energy sector in Poland and development scenarios

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 01017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Wielewska ◽  
Karol Tucki ◽  
Anna Bączyk ◽  
Magda Trzaska
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Power Market ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Current State

The aim of the paper was to analyse the wind power market in Poland by reviewing the factors that shape and influence its current state and the possible development prospects. The paper was focused on legislative, environmental, manufacturing, sociocultural and economic factors. Barriers to the development of onshore wind power market and the expected development of wind energy in Poland in the years 2017-2020 were identified and measured based on a survey. The review of individual factors and the study performed present that legislative barriers and the introduction of the ‘distance act’ are factors with the biggest influence on the current stagnation of onshore wind energy sector. A review of the recommendations concerning the distance (from protected areas and housing) required to build wind farms set forth in literature shows that Poland is the only country with such harsh restrictions. With its good environmental conditions and technical capacities, Poland can become a European leader in the production of energy from wind. The only barrier is the legislative environment and political instability on the national level. Without improvements in this sector, there is no chance for new wind projects, as these factors are crucial for development of this type of energy.

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