scholarly journals Chapter 13 Resistance Through Law: Belgian Judges and the Relations Between Occupied State and Occupying Power

2019 ◽  
pp. 323-336
Author(s):  
Didier Boden
Keyword(s):  
Occupied State

Supported Rhodium Catalysts for Ammonia-Borane Hydrolysis: Dependence of the Catalytic Activity on the Highest Occupied State of the Single Rhodium Atoms

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (17) ◽  
pp. 4790-4796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangbing Wang ◽  
Hongliang Li ◽  
Wenbo Zhang ◽  
Xiao Zhao ◽  
Jianxiang Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ammonia Borane ◽  
Rhodium Catalysts ◽  
Occupied State

scholarly journals Direct observation and manipulation of hot electrons at room temperature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailu Wang ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Hui Xia ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Tianxin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Hot Electrons ◽  
Hot Electron ◽  
Performance Limit ◽  
Solar Cell Efficiency ◽  
Semiconductor Nanowire ◽  
Cell Efficiency ◽  
Intervalley Scattering ◽  
Occupied State

Abstract In modern electronics and optoelectronics, hot electron behaviors are highly concerned since they determine the performance limit of a device or system, like the associated thermal or power constraint of chips, the Shockley-Queisser limit for solar cell efficiency. Up-to-date, however, the manipulation of hot electrons is mostly based on conceptual interpretations rather than a direct observation. The problem arises from a fundamental fact that energy-differential electrons are mixed up in real-space, making it hard to distinguish them from each other by standard measurements. Here we demonstrate a distinct approach to artificially (spatially) separate hot electrons from cold ones in semiconductor nanowire transistors, which thus offers a unique opportunity to observe and modulate electron occupied state, energy, mobility, and even its path. Such a process is accomplished through the scanning-photocurrent-microscopy (SPCM) measurements by activating the intervalley-scattering events and one-dimensional charge-neutrality rule. Findings discovered here may provide a new degree of freedom in manipulating nonequilibrium electrons for both electronic and optoelectronic applications.

The Application of the Law of Occupation in Maritime Zones and Rights to ‘Occupied’ Marine Resources

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Shani Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Occupied State ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The Law ◽  
New Perspective

Abstract This article seeks to contribute to the emerging literature concerning the application of belligerent occupation in maritime zones of the occupied State. It supports the approach that the law of occupation and the law of the sea apply simultaneously in case of occupation of coastal States, offering a new perspective on the jurisdiction of the occupying power to exploit marine resources in the occupied State’s continental shelf and exclusive economic zone. This perspective highlights some issues that have been ignored in the literature thus far to better understand the rights and obligations of the relevant Parties with respect to maritime zones of the occupied State.

scholarly journals Analytical treatment of cold field electron emission from a nanowall emitter, including quantum confinement effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 467 (2128) ◽  
pp. 1029-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-Zhou Qin ◽  
Wie-Liang Wang ◽  
Ning-Sheng Xu ◽  
Zhi-Bing Li ◽  
Richard G. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Emission ◽  
Quantum Confinement ◽  
Field Electron Emission ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Thermodynamic Work ◽  
Field Electron ◽  
Quantum Confinement Effects ◽  
Occupied State ◽  
General Kind

An elementary approximate analytical treatment of cold field electron emission (CFE) from a classical nanowall (i.e. a blade-like conducting structure on a flat surface) is presented. This paper first discusses basic CFE theory for situations where quantum confinement occurs transverse to the emitting direction. It develops an abstract CFE equation more general than Fowler–Nordheim type (FN-type) equations, and then applies this to classical nanowalls. With sharp emitters, the field in the tunnelling barrier may diminish rapidly with distance; an expression for the on-axis transmission coefficient for nanowalls is derived by conformal transformation. These two effects interact to generate complex emission physics, and lead to regime-dependent equations different from FN-type equations. Thus: (i) the zero-field barrier height H R for the highest occupied state at 0 K is not equal to the local thermodynamic work-function ϕ , and H R rather than ϕ appears in equations; (ii) in the exponent, the power dependence on macroscopic field F M can be F −2 M rather than F −1 M ; (iii) in the pre-exponential, explicit power dependences on F M and H R differ from FN-type equations. Departures of this general kind are expected when nanoscale quantum confinement occurs. FN-type equations are the equations that apply when no quantum confinement occurs.

Optical Properties of the Pb Center at the Si/SiO2 Interface

1985 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Edwards ◽  
W. Beall Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Valence Band ◽  
Conduction Band ◽  
Defect State ◽  
Polarization Effects ◽  
Unoccupied State ◽  
Cluster Calculations ◽  
Occupied State ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Neutral Defect ◽  
Theoretical Results

AbstractWe present theoretical results for the optical prooerties of the Pb center at the Si/SiO2 interface. Using wave functions obtainec from semiempirical (MINDO/3) cluster calculations, we have calculated electric dipole matrix elements connecting the singly occupied (neutral) defect state to the unoccupied conduction-band-like states, as well as those connecting the occupied valence-band-like states to the singly occupied defect state and to the unoccupied defect state. We predict the absorption cross section for excitation from the valence band to the unoccupied state to be of order 10−19 cm2 and that for excitation from the valence band to the occupied state and from the occupied state to the conduction band to be an order of magnitude larger. We also predict that the absorption will in some cases be strongly dependent on the direction of the polarization. Effects of symmetry lowering in the oxide and of distortions in the silicon are discussed.

Cleanroom Fan Energy Reduction—Airflow Control Retrofit Based on Continuous, Real-time Particle Sensing

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Wei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Volume ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Particle Generation ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Unoccupied State ◽  
Occupied State ◽  
Fan Speed ◽  
Save Energy

Abstract Cleanrooms are utilized in electronics, semiconductor, aerospace, pharmaceutical, automotive, optical, medical device, and food processing facilities where air cleanliness is required to prevent defects in high-tech or high-value products. Compared to general commercial space, cleanrooms typically use 5 to 50 times the energy for the same area. One key reason is the high volume of conditioned and filtered air required to make the room air cleaner, which is measured in room-average particle concentration. The technology in this study uses real-time continuous particle sensors as feedback signals to automatically adjust fan speed. The system can modulate fan speed and provide the correct amount of airflow into the cleanroom to prevent over-supply and save energy. In typical manufacturing cleanrooms, the unoccupied state (evenings and weekends) is approximately two times longer than the occupied state (operational work hours), and particle generation (from personnel, equipment, and process) is much lower during the unoccupied state. Limited components and parts are required to apply the technology in this study into the design of a new cleanroom or to integrate the technology into existing cleanroom fan systems.

scholarly journals Globus pallidus dynamics reveal covert strategies for behavioral inhibition

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bon-Mi Gu ◽  
Robert Schmidt ◽  
Joshua D Berke
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
State Space ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Occupied State ◽  
Flexible Behavior

Flexible behavior requires restraint of actions that are no longer appropriate. This behavioral inhibition critically relies on frontal cortex - basal ganglia circuits. Within the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) has been hypothesized to mediate selective proactive inhibition: being prepared to stop a specific action, if needed. Here we investigate population dynamics of rat GPe neurons during preparation-to-stop, stopping, and going. Rats selectively engaged proactive inhibition towards specific actions, as shown by slowed reaction times (RTs). Under proactive inhibition, GPe population activity occupied state-space locations farther from the trajectory followed during normal movement initiation. Furthermore, the state-space locations were predictive of distinct types of errors: failures-to-stop, failures-to-go, and incorrect choices. Slowed RTs on correct proactive trials reflected starting bias towards the alternative action, which was overcome before progressing towards action initiation. Our results demonstrate that rats can exert cognitive control via strategic adjustments to their GPe network state.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document