Risk Estimation in Robotics and the Impact of Human Behaviour

Moral Responsibility, Socially Embedded

10.1093/oso/9780198830405.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Herzog

Keyword(s):

Social Psychology ◽

Moral Responsibility ◽

Moral Agency ◽

Human Behaviour ◽

Shared Responsibility ◽

The Face ◽

Moral Theorizing ◽

The Impact

This chapter asks whether we can hold on to the picture of the morally responsible subject as we knew it in the face of evidence from social psychology about the impact of contexts on human behaviour. Some theorists have taken this to present a major challenge to moral theorizing. However, the chapter argues that, while we should acknowledge the malleability of human behaviour, we should not give up the notion of responsible agency. Rather, we need to broaden our theoretical horizon in order to include individuals’ co-responsibility for the contexts in which they act. This argument is a general one, but it is of particular relevance for organizations: it is our shared responsibility to turn them into contexts in which moral agency is supported rather than undermined.

Download Full-text

The impact of technology on human behaviour and business environment

International Journal of Society Systems Science ◽

10.1504/ijsss.2021.10038882 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Premsankar Manickavasagam

Keyword(s):

Business Environment ◽

Human Behaviour ◽

Impact Of Technology ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Meteorological factors against COVID-19 and the role of human mobility

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252405 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252405

Author(s):

Olivier Damette ◽

Clément Mathonnat ◽

Stéphane Goutte

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Human Mobility ◽

Human Behaviour ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Empirical Literature ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Social Distancing ◽

The Impact

In the vein of recent empirical literature, we reassessed the impact of weather factors on Covid-19 daily cases and fatalities in a panel of 37 OECD countries between 1st January and 27th July 2020. We considered five different meteorological factors. For the first time, we used a dynamic panel model and considered two different kinds of channels between climate and Covid-19 virus: direct/physical factors related to the survival and durability dynamics of the virus on surfaces and outdoors and indirect/social factors through human behaviour and individual mobility, such as walking or driving outdoors, to capture the impact of weather on social distancing and, thus, on Covid-19 cases and fatalities. Our work revealed that temperature, humidity and solar radiation, which has been clearly under considered in previous studies, significantly reduce the number of Covid-19 cases and fatalities. Indirect effects through human behaviour, i.e., correlations between temperature (or solar radiation) and human mobility, were significantly positive and should be considered to correctly assess the effects of climatic factors. Increasing temperature, humidity or solar radiation effects were positively correlated with increasing mobility effects on Covid-19 cases and fatalities. The net effect from weather on the Covid-19 outbreak will, thus, be the result of the physical/direct negative effect of temperature or solar radiation and the mobility/indirect positive effect due to the interaction between human mobility and those meterological variables. Reducing direct effects of temperature and solar radiation on Covid-19 cases and fatalities, when they were significant, were partly and slightly compensated for positive indirect effects through human mobility. Suitable control policies should be implemented to control mobility and social distancing even when the weather is favourable to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus.

Download Full-text

Evolutionary Psychology and Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Behaviour

The SAGE Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology ◽

10.4135/9781529739428.n17 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 333-351

Author(s):

Holly Wilson ◽

Paul Rauwolf ◽

Joanna Bryson

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Evolutionary Psychology ◽

Human Behaviour ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Interactions between human behaviour and the built environment in terms of facility management

Facilities ◽

10.1108/f-03-2017-0040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (1/2) ◽

pp. 2-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Darja Kobal Grum

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Low Income ◽

Well Being ◽

Human Behaviour ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Content Type ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

Purpose In comparison with the relations between the human and natural environments that have been the central focus of environmental psychology for many years, the interactions between the psychological processes underlying human behaviour and the built environment have only recently regained the interest of researchers. In this paper, the author first discusses the reasons for the slower development of human – built environment relations. Afterwards, the author systematically examines the impact that the research of environmental stress, namely, poor housing and poor neighbourhood quality, had on the contemporary understanding of human – built environment relations. Design/methodology/approach The author focuses on social, biophilic and evidence-based design. The author proposes deeper psychological engagement in correlation with human behaviour, psychological well-being and society. The author highlights the inclusion of psychologists in interdisciplinary research teams addressing the development of sustainable solutions to the issues of residential environments. Findings It has been shown that substandard house quality, high noise, lack of natural light in houses, poorer physical quality of urban neighbourhoods, living in a low-income neighbourhood, etc. are linked to elevated physiological and psychological stress. Despite this evidence, there is still a gap between building designers and building users in modern industrialised societies, which could deepen tenants’ dissatisfaction due to specific behavioural needs and consequently lower their psychological well-being and health risk behaviour. Research limitations/implications These are potential risks of error arising from the use of assumptions, limited samples size and data from the secondary resources. Originality/value The major contributions of this paper are as follows. If the environment is understood as a dynamic, constantly changing and complex system of a wide range of players, the author can discern in this environment a dynamic that is otherwise characteristic of emotional dynamics. Expressed participants’ high satisfaction with residential status does not necessarily generate high expectations regarding real estate factors.

Download Full-text

Weightbearing CBCT, MDCT, and 2D imaging dosimetry of the foot and ankle

International Journal of Diagnostic Imaging ◽

10.5430/ijdi.v1n2p1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

John B. Ludlow ◽

Marija Ivanovic

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Risk Estimation ◽

Cone Beam Ct ◽

Equivalent Material ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Tissue Equivalent ◽

Effective Doses ◽

2D Imaging ◽

Imaging Dose ◽

The Impact

Aims: This study compares effective doses associated with 2D lateral, oblique, and AP radiographs with 3D MDCT and Cone Beam CT images of the foot and ankle. Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom of the foot and ankle was constructed from an adult human skeleton and soft tissue equivalent material. Optical stimulated dosimeters were placed at 21 locations within and on tissues and anatomy of interest. Effective dose was calculated following 2007 ICRP recommendations. Three projections were exposed to simulate conventional 2D imaging. Standard and optimized dose MDCT scans were exposed to simulate typical CT options. Ten, 20, and 30cm fields of view, 100 and 120kVp and 4.5 and 6.8mAs exposures were tested using a PedCAT® CBCT device designed for weightbearing imaging. Dose was calculated for an adult as well as for a 5 and 10-year-old child to assess the impact of age on risk estimation. Results: Standard adult effective doses for single foot imaging were 0.6µSv for 2D, 3.8µSv for CBCT, and 25µSv for MDCT (p = 0.0013). Dose differed significantly with age (p = 0.0185). For a 5-year-old, doses rise to 0.8µSv for 2D, 18µSv for CBCT, and 200µSv for MDCT. Small and medium CBCT fields produced adult doses of 2.3 mSv and 0.9 mSv respectively. Conclusions: The effective dose for small FOV CBCT or conventional 2D series examinations is comparable to a few hours of equivalent background dose. Such doses are negligible; therefore, the dose of radiation should not be a concern when considering the use of CBCT imaging for foot/ankle examination.

Download Full-text

A Parametric Study to Investigate Human Injury and Fatality due to Vapor Cloud Explosion

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201822505009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 225 ◽

pp. 05009

Author(s):

Usama Muhammad Niazi ◽

Mohammad Shakir Nasif ◽

Masdi Bin Muhammad ◽

Muhammad Imran

Keyword(s):

Risk Estimation ◽

Head Impact ◽

Offshore Platform ◽

Whole Body ◽

Fatality Risk ◽

Flame Acceleration ◽

Wind Speeds ◽

Vapor Cloud ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Injury

The processing area of an offshore platform consists of various equipment for handling, separation and transferring of crude oil and natural gas. Consequently, the chances of an accidental release are quite high as compared to other areas. Among the major hazard posed on an offshore platform, Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE) is the fatal one. Among the various factors that impact the resulting overpressure developed due to VCE: leak rates, wind speeds, and wind directions are the important ones. The current paper investigates the effect of these factors (leak rates, wind speeds and wind directions) on explosion strength on an offshore platform. The release, dispersion and resulting VCE are modelled by utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS). Furthermore, risk estimation for human injury/fatality (risk of eardrum rupture, head impact, and whole-body displacement) has been done considering these factors using probit models. The results showed that these factors (leak rates, wind speeds, and wind directions) have a major impact on resulting explosion strength and consequently, on the risk of human injury/fatality. Risk of head impact is quite high while risk of eardrum rupture and whole-body displacement is low. The current study can be useful in designing effective safety measures to reduce the impact of such accidents.

Download Full-text